英語訳
【Right Page】
【Outside frame, upper right】
Eighty
【Outside frame, upper right horizontal】
Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror — Severing Obstacles Chapter
【Outside frame, lower right horizontal】
Eighty
【Upper Section】
[The six contemplations are] not [separate from] the six contemplations — therefore [they] are encompassed within the preparatory-engagement wisdom (*加行智*, *prayoga-jñāna*). This is in relation to attaining the noble fruit (*聖果*), which is why [the text] says "those who approach [the path toward] the ultimate fruit" and so forth. As for ordinary beings (*異生*, *pṛthagjana*) who, without approaching the noble path, rejoice at higher [states] and loath lower [states] and arouse the six-contemplation wisdom (*六行智*) and thereby subdue afflictions, etc. — this is the six-contemplation wisdom, not the preparatory-engagement wisdom. [It is characterized as] only concentration, not scattered [mental activity], and therefore as only cultivation-wisdom (*修慧*), not the wisdom of hearing or reflection (*聞慧*, *思慧*).
Regarding "The two capable-severing paths... because [it] has not yet been completed": This path is definitely not conditioned [dharmas] (*有漏*, *sāsrava*) nor preparatory-engagement wisdom.
(Marginal note: The following is explained based on [the commentary's] fascicle 10, latter section, folios 25 through 28.)
If preparatory-engagement wisdom does not extend to the unconditioned (*無漏*, *anāsrava*), then when [the text] first says "conditioned" (*有漏*), it already encompasses preparatory engagement as well. What is the further need to then separately say "preparatory engagement"? If preparatory engagement extends to the unconditioned, then there is no further need to adduce preparatory-engagement wisdom to distinguish [it from others]. Answer: Of the three wisdoms, preparatory-engagement wisdom is also [sometimes] called "non-discriminative" (*無分別*, *nirvikalpa*). In this conditioned path, there are also [the three paths of] preparatory-engagement (*加行*), uninterrupted (*無間*, *ānantarya*), and liberation (*解脱*, *vimukti*). When [the text] earlier says "conditioned," it encompasses those three paths. When it later says "preparatory-engagement," it distinguishes between root wisdom (*根本智*, *mūla-jñāna*) and post-attainment wisdom (*後得智*, *pṛṣṭha-labdha-jñāna*) among the three wisdoms. Therefore [the term] is used again [for distinction].
As for "conditioned wisdom, because it has previously been practiced (*曾習*)" and so forth: this distinguishes [the conditioned mind and other things] as not being capable-severing paths. That is, conditioned-mind preparatory-engagement wisdom and conditioned post-attainment wisdom are not the capable-severing path by virtue of four causes
(Reference: the four causes in *Yōshō* latter section, fascicle 4, folio 46 verso).
First: it is something previously practiced [and thus habituated] (*曾習*). Second: it is drawn by [subjective] grasping at features (*相執*, *nimitta-grāha*). Third: because it has not yet been able to obliterate and suppress this feature, it cannot sever afflictions. Fourth: or, preparatory-engagement wisdom approaches and seeks the true suchness (*真如*, *tathatā*) to be realized, and approaches and seeks the non-discriminative wisdom to be induced [thereby]; because it has not yet been completed, it cannot sever afflictions. Since non-discriminative wisdom is what is induced by preparatory engagement, and true suchness is what preparatory engagement approaches and seeks to realize, it is precisely by means of the induced non-discriminative wisdom that one realizes true suchness and [the process] is completed — and therefore [the non-discriminative wisdom] is capable of severing the two obstacles;
【Lower Section】
it is not the preparatory-engagement wisdom [that does so]. In this present passage, only three principles are briefly indicated; the second principle — "drawn by grasping at features" — is not adduced. "Grasping at features" (*相執*) means precisely that the two grasping tendencies possessed by the sixth and seventh consciousnesses take hold of the features of the subject — hence they are called "grasping at features."
Question: If conditioned mind, etc., cannot sever afflictions because it is drawn by grasping at features, post-attainment wisdom also has features (*相*). How then can it sever latent afflictions (*随眠*, *anuśaya*)? Answer: Although post-attainment wisdom has features, it is not drawn by grasping, nor is it bound by bondage. Conditioned [wisdom] is not like this, and therefore cannot sever [afflictions].
Regarding "Among unconditioned wisdoms... not post-attainment wisdom": The first master in this [section] establishes his thesis by reasoning. This master reveals that only non-discriminative wisdom (*無分別智*, *nirvikalpajñāna*) alone can sever the latent afflictions of the two obstacles; post-attainment wisdom cannot do so. Even if one performs the meditation of non-feature observation (*無相観*), the feature-aspects (*相分*, *nimitta-bhāga*) of the object-sphere still remain present, and therefore [post-attainment wisdom] cannot sever [afflictions]. Only non-discriminative wisdom possesses this severing capability. Furthermore, among sūtras and treatises, there is none that says post-attainment wisdom can sever latent afflictions. It is not the case that among all bodhisattvas in the two paths of seeing and cultivation (*見道*, *修道*), [they] first sever the obstacle to what is to be known (*所知障*) using non-discriminative [wisdom], and later sever the affliction obstacle (*煩悩障*) using post-attainment wisdom. Therefore only root wisdom is capable of severing [them] (and so forth).
Regarding "'There is a view that post-attainment [wisdom can sever afflictions]'... established as therein": This is the second master establishing [his thesis] through reasoning. This master's intention is to reveal that although post-attainment wisdom lacks the power to sever the latent afflictions of confusion-about-principle (*迷理*) such as [wrong] views (*見*, *dṛṣṭi*) and doubts (*疑*, *vicikitsā*), yet because [the features of] conventional (*安立*, *prajñapti-sat*) and non-conventional (*非安立*) truths appear before it clearly and without inversion (*倒*, *viparyāsa*), it is also capable of permanently severing the latent afflictions of confusion-about-particulars (*迷事*). Latent afflictions of confusion-about-principle have profound and far-reaching aspects, requiring that one directly realize that principle before they can be severed. Latent afflictions of confusion-about-particulars have shallow and proximate aspects; even while observing [things as] real and existing [as features], [post-attainment wisdom] can still sever them. As for "broadly citing the *Yogācārabhūmi-śāstra* (*瑜伽*), established as therein": this refers to the tenth fascicle of the *Vijñaptimātratāsiddhi* (*唯識論*, *Chéngyuán shūjì*). That [text] cites the fiftieth [fascicle of the] *Yogācārabhūmi*,
【Left Page】
【Outside frame, upper left】
Eighty-one
【Outside frame, upper left horizontal】
Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror — Severing Obstacles Chapter
【Outside frame, lower left horizontal】
Eighty-one
【Upper Section】
saying: "Within the cultivation-path stage (*修道位*, *bhāvanā-mārgavasthā*), there are two kinds of path. The first is non-discriminative wisdom, and the latter is post-attainment wisdom. Post-attainment wisdom is called 'world-transcending-world' (*世出世*, *laukika-lokottara*). Because the conditioned path is purely worldly, there is no purely worldly path capable of permanently destroying latent afflictions. This is because [it] has previously been practiced, and because [it] is drawn by grasping at features. And so forth, with extended explanation." Since [the text] already says "the world-transcending-world path is also capable of permanently severing," it can thus be known that severing obstacles extends to post-attainment wisdom as well.
Regarding "By means of this principle and approach... severed by the two wisdoms of the path": The passages above are all from the text of fascicle ten of the *Vijñaptimātratāsiddhi*. This present passage once again distinguishes the range (*分斉*) severed by each of the two wisdoms. On account of what was explained previously — because directly and indirectly realizing the principle and approach differs — all the [afflictions that are to be] severed on the path of seeing (*見所断*, *darśana-heya*), together with the ignorance that is [to be] severed on the cultivation path (*修所断*, *bhāvanā-heya*), the two wrong views of the view of self (*身見*, *satkāya-dṛṣṭi*) and the view of extremes (*辺見*, *antagrāha-dṛṣṭi*), and the root and derivative afflictions co-present with these that are confused about principle — these are severed by means of non-discriminative wisdom. The remaining [afflictions of] attachment (*貪*, *rāga*), aversion (*恚*, *dveṣa*), conceit (*慢*, *māna*), and ignorance (*無明*, *avidyā*), and the derivative afflictions co-present with these that are confused about particulars (*事*) — even these can be severed by means of post-attainment wisdom. Because their aspects are shallow and proximate.
Regarding "This pertains to the two vehicles... because they are severed at one time": As for "the remaining latent afflictions of confusion-about-particulars that are [to be] severed in the cultivation path extend to [both] two wisdoms for severing": this pertains to the two vehicles (*二乘*, *dviyāna*), not to the bodhisattva stage. Because bodhisattvas in the cultivation path do not sever the latent afflictions of confusion-about-particulars. The obstacle to what is to be known is severed only by root wisdom. Within the affliction obstacle, [severing] extends to one wisdom. However, with respect to confusion-about-principle, body-view (*身見*) and so forth each, at the stage of the ninth-grade path of their own level (*自地*), are then suddenly severed all at once. The preceding eight grades have already been severed before. The remaining afflictions can be severed by arousing post-attainment wisdom. At the time of the ninth-grade path, non-discriminative wisdom is aroused to sever [them], because [they are] afflictions of confusion-about-principle. With respect to this approach of severing by the uninterrupted paths (*無間道*, *ānantarya-mārga*) of each of the nine grades separately: if one does not emerge from contemplation (*観*) and severs the nine grades, then only non-discriminative wisdom severs the eight grades of afflictions of confusion-about-particulars. One cannot say that
【Lower Section】
within a single [continuous] contemplation-path, the first eight [grades] belong to post-attainment [wisdom] and the ninth belongs to root wisdom. Therefore, the connate (*倶生*) [afflictions] such as the view of self (*我見*, *ātma-dṛṣṭi*) co-present in the sixth consciousness require the ninth-grade path to be severed. Even though there is no classification by grades, [this] is not the same as [severing by] the seventh consciousness at the diamond-like [concentration (*金剛心*, *vajropama-samādhi*)].
Question: If the connate view of self, etc., co-present with the sixth consciousness [is treated] the same as the seventh consciousness — [i.e.,] severed upon reaching the diamond-like [concentration] — what objection would there be? Answer: The problem (*過*, fault) would then arise that noble practitioners (*聖者*, *āryapudgala*) who are still in training (*有学*, *śaikṣa*) and exist in the form realm (*色界*) and formless realm (*無色界*) would arouse an unconditioned path and thereby sever the seeds of the view-of-self, etc., of lower levels. If that were permitted, then noble practitioners should be prevented from moistening rebirth (*潤生*) through manifest activity (*現行*). Since it is already accepted that noble practitioners moisten rebirth through seeds, when one first separates from the desire of a lower level, the body-view, etc., of that [level] must all have been completely severed. [This situation is] not the same as the seventh consciousness not moistening rebirth.
According to a transmitted interpretation, "this pertains to the two vehicles" and so forth also extends to bodhisattvas. If it were only the two vehicles, how could [the text] speak of "non-conventional features" (*非安立相*)? Because practitioners of the two vehicles do not observe the non-conventional [truths]. [The present author's] current view is that this is not so. Because the true suchness of the emptiness of persons (*生空真如*, *pudgalanairātmya-tathatā*) is also called "non-conventional," [the statement] applies only to the two vehicles, not the bodhisattva stage.
Question: As for the afflictions that are confused about principle and those confused about particulars (*事*) — if there is a difference of broad and narrow [scope] between them, [how should we understand this]? Answer: The ancient view holds that [afflictions] confused about particulars are necessarily also confused about principle, while [afflictions] confused about principle are not necessarily also confused about particulars — thus there is a difference of broad and narrow. Kōbō Daishi [Kūkai] says: "The reason why the post-attainment wisdom of the two vehicles does not sever afflictions is that afflictions of confusion-about-particulars are necessarily also confused about principle. If the post-attainment wisdom of the two vehicles were to sever afflictions, there would have to exist afflictions that are confused about particulars yet not confused about principle." The present chapter-author's intention is that the body-view of confusion-about-principle also includes [instances that are] confusion-about-particulars, as in [the example of] taking a rope to be a snake and so forth.
Question: As for the post-attainment wisdom severing afflictions of [confusion about] particulars — is this severed by post-attainment wisdom simultaneous [with root wisdom], or by post-attainment wisdom at a different time? According to a transmitted explanation: the post-attainment wisdom simultaneous with the correct-essence wisdom (*正体智*, root wisdom)
(Reference: *Vijñaptimātratāsiddhi* fascicle 10 [folio 6 verso])
cognizes particulars, not principle — and therefore does not sever afflictions. The post-attainment wisdom that occurs before and after [the root wisdom] additionally cognizes the true [suchness],