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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror — Severing Obstacles Chapter
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— and therefore can sever afflictions. The present chapter-author's intention is that [the post-attainment wisdom that severs afflictions is] the simultaneous post-attainment wisdom. Even though it cognizes only particulars (*事*), because it is free from delusion (*痴*, *moha*) with respect to principle (*理*), it can also sever afflictions. Since the treatise text already says "regarding the conventional (*安立*) and the non-conventional (*非安立*), [they] appear clearly before [it]," we can thereby know that [it] severs [afflictions].
Regarding "'Furthermore, as for the obstacle to what is to be known... the latter interpretation is superior'": Among the preceding two masters, the interpretation of the second master is correct. Because this is the Dharmapāla (*護法*) position, it says "the latter is superior." Within the Dharmapāla position, there are also two explanations. The first explanation can be understood [straightforwardly]: the obstacle to what is to be known (*所知障*, *jñeyāvaraṇa*) is severed only by root wisdom; the affliction obstacle (*煩悩障*, *kleśāvaraṇa*) is severed by both wisdoms in common. This is the second interpretation, hence the use of "furthermore" (*又*). Within the obstacle to what is to be known, there is also [the category of] that which is severed by post-attainment wisdom. However, there is a distinction to be made. If the obstacle to what is to be known arises together (*倶起*) with [erroneous] grasping (*執*), it is severed only by the correct wisdom (root wisdom), because it necessarily involves confusion about principle. If it does not arise together with grasping, it is severed only by post-attainment wisdom. When [the text] now speaks of "confused about particulars and not [arising from] grasping," this is in relation to [obstacles] that do not arise together with grasping.
Question: That within the obstacle to what is to be known there exists [something that is] confused about particulars and not [arising from] grasping can be understood by reference to the text. Is there also something within the affliction obstacle that is, at least provisionally, confused about particulars and not [arising from] grasping? Answer: This too exists. Setting aside the attachment (*貪*) and so forth that arise together with the view of self (*我見*), the remaining independent (*独頭*) attachment and so forth — these are confused only about particulars and do not arise together with grasping — so this interpretation can be valid. It is somewhat difficult. Students should reflect carefully.
Regarding "'Therefore capable of severing obstacles... also capable of restraining'": In discussing suppression and severance (*断伏*) in general terms, there are briefly three gates (*門*, categories). First, extending to [all three of] preparatory-engagement, root, and post-attainment [wisdoms]. Second, the gate of the three wisdoms, [meaning] severance by wisdom alone, not extending to wisdom of hearing or reflection. Third, the gate of conditioned and unconditioned [dharmas], extending to both conditioned and unconditioned. This explains the suppression and severance [accomplished] by means of the four paths (*四道*) in concentration (*定*). When suppressing afflictions while in concentration, [the process] necessarily proceeds through the four paths, and thus is only cultivation-wisdom (*修慧*). The scattered mental state (*散位*) is not like this; it is not necessarily [characterized by] the four paths. [In the case where] it is not, hearing-wisdom and reflection-wisdom can also restrain [afflictions]:
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as in [the case of] coarsely collecting and restraining the mind in the desire realm to suppress afflictions and so forth. This is at the stage of hearing and reflection, not the stage of cultivation-wisdom. Therefore [the text] says "if not [so], hearing and reflection can also sever and restrain."
Regarding "'Third, the nature of severing capability... there should be no liberation'": If [one] takes [this] in terms of the nature of the basis (*所依性*), the true suchness (*真如*, *tathatā*) revealed by the two emptinesses (*二空*: emptiness of persons and emptiness of dharmas) serves as the body (*体*). If [one] takes [this] in terms of conventional designation (*仮立*), the analytical cessation (*択滅*, *pratisaṃkhyānirodha*) obtained by severing the two obstacles serves as the body. The three vehicles (*三乗*) each, in accordance with their capacity, obtain this analytical cessation. If one does not take the conventional [designation] but takes only true suchness as the nature of severance (*断性*), there should be no analytical-cessation liberation at the stage of the learner's fruit (*有学果*, *śaikṣaphala*).
The *Zuǎn* (*纂*, commentary) says: "On examination, the body of severing obstacles is properly analytical cessation. The true suchness of what is severed (*所断*), what severs (*能断*), and what is revealed (*所顕*) are all fruits of severance, not the very body [of severing obstacles]. Hence the text of the *Abhidharma* [treatise] (*対法論*): 'The non-arising of afflictions is called the nature of cessation (*滅性*).' This explains the fruit of severance as 'severing obstacles.' If [we were to] call it 'severing obstacles' in terms of the cause of severance (*断因*), then properly what severs (*能断*) would serve as the body of severing obstacles; and what is severed and [true suchness as] nature would be the fruit of severance." The present chapter-author's intention differs from this. In discussing the body of severance in general terms, there are two: First, the real body (*実体*) — true suchness serves as the body. Second, the conventional body (*仮体*) — analytical cessation serves as the body. In accordance with what is applicable, [this] extends to both. This is [an approach that] identifies the body of severing obstacles solely in terms of the fruit of severance. Therefore one cannot rely upon "the non-arising of afflictions as the nature of cessation" [as the body of severing obstacles]. Rather, [one is] discussing the nature of cessation based on the conventional body — hence there is no contradiction.
Regarding "'Third, dependent on consciousness (*依識*)... because of being unstained'": The doctrine of the Sarvāstivāda (*薩婆多*, *Sarvāstivādin*) is as explained in the twenty-first fascicle of the *Abhidharmakośa* (*倶舎論*, *Abhidharmakośabhāṣya*). Accordingly that verse says: "The conceit (*慢*, *māna*) and torpor (*眠*, *styāna*) [that are to be] severed on the path of seeing, and the secondary afflictions (*随煩惱*, *upakleśa*) [called] 'sovereign' (*自在*), all arise only in the mental ground (*意地*, *manovijñāna*). The rest arise in common depending on the six consciousnesses." For the full [explanation], see that [text]. As for "[The Vātsīputrīya (*犢子部*)] holds that [afflictions to be] severed arise only in the sixth [consciousness] and so forth": this school holds that "the five consciousnesses (*五識*) have no defilement, nor are they free from defilement; they have only indeterminate [states (*無記*, *avyākṛta*)]."
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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror — Severing Obstacles Chapter
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There is neither good nor evil [in them], because they are non-discriminative. Discriminative [consciousnesses] have good and evil. As [explained] in the *Zonglun shu* (*宗輪疏*, Commentary on the *Samayabhedoparacanacakra*).
Regarding "'What Mahāyāna severs... grasping is accordingly differentiated'": As for "the obstacle to what is to be known is present in the remaining seven [consciousnesses] excluding the seventh":
(Reference: For the divergent views of Sthiramati (*安慧*) and others, see: the treatise [fascicle] 5 [folio 4 recto], commentary [*shu*] fascicle 5, main [text] folio 82 verso; treatise [fascicle] 8 [folio 27], commentary [*shu*] fascicle 9, main [text] folio 5; *Yōshō* (*要録*) upper main [text] folio 37.)
The master Sthiramati (*安惠*, *Sthiramati*) holds that the treatise only says "associated with those four afflictions [of the seventh consciousness]; because [the obstacle to what is to be known is] absent in the three stages (*三位*)." However, the body of this obstacle is identical in breadth with the body of dharma-grasping (*法執*, *dharma-grāha*), without difference of broad or narrow [scope], because everything that conceives all dharmas as having substantial existence (*体用*) is grasping.
As for "the affliction obstacle is present in the remaining consciousnesses excluding the eighth": The eighth consciousness (*第八識*) continually flows in succession, and its aspect of operation is subtle (*微細*), hence it has no affliction obstacle. However, among the seven [other] consciousnesses, the view of self (*我見*) arising from the sixth and seventh consciousnesses constitutes self-grasping (*我執*, *ātma-grāha*). The mental dharmas (*心*, *心所*) associated therewith cognize a single object, and so by association [they] are said to be grasping. Independent attachment (*独頭の貪*) and so forth, not conceiving a self (*我*), [constitute] affliction obstacles but not self-grasping. As for "grasping is accordingly differentiated": there are two explanations here. One says: grasping and obstacle have no [difference of] broad or narrow [scope]; rather, compared to Dharmapāla's [position], the interpretation differs, hence "grasping is accordingly differentiated." Another says: where grasping resides and where the obstacle resides differ in interpretation: in the seventh consciousness, there is only self-grasping (*人執*). In the two consciousnesses of the five [sense] consciousnesses and the eighth consciousness, there is only dharma-grasping (*法執*). In the sixth mental consciousness, both graspings are present. Because of such differentiation, [the text] says "grasping is accordingly differentiated."
Regarding "'Master Dharmapāla... grasping is accordingly differentiated'": "The two obstacles both extend to the first seven consciousnesses in common" means the seven consciousnesses preceding [the eighth], that is, excluding the eighth consciousness. In Dharmapāla's doctrinal position, obstacle and grasping are two distinct things. Namely: if something is grasping, it is necessarily an obstacle. But there are [things that] are obstacles while not being grasping. That is,
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[those] such as the mental factors (*心所*) other than wisdom (*慧*), as explained in the eighth fascicle of the treatise. As for "grasping is accordingly differentiated": there are also two explanations here. One says: grasping and obstacle differ in broad and narrow [scope], and compared to Sthiramati's [position], the interpretation differs, hence "grasping is accordingly differentiated." Another says: where grasping resides and where the obstacle resides differ in interpretation: in the seventh and sixth [consciousnesses], both graspings are present. In the two consciousnesses of the five [sense] consciousnesses and the eighth, neither grasping is present. Hence "grasping is accordingly differentiated."
Question: The five [sense] consciousnesses and the eighth consciousness both lack the two graspings. Why then do the five consciousnesses have obstacles while the eighth has no obstacles? Answer: The five consciousnesses are weak in power and can have obstacles only by being induced by the sixth [consciousness]. The eighth consciousness is not like this, hence [it has] no two obstacles. Therefore the *Sanhui Yilin* (*三慧義林*, *Sanhui Yilin*) says: "Although the five consciousnesses are non-discriminative, through the discriminative induction of the sixth consciousness, [they] have discriminative afflictions and so forth."
Question: The sixth and seventh consciousnesses have self-grasping, so they can give rise to afflictions. The five consciousnesses lack self-grasping — how then can they give rise to afflictions? Answer: Because the self-grasping of the sixth consciousness induces and generates the afflictions of the five consciousnesses, although [they] lack grasping, they have afflictions.
Question: If so, through the discrimination of the sixth consciousness, can [it] induce and generate the two graspings of the five consciousnesses? Answer: Generally speaking, as for giving rise to grasping — it is by means of keen and sharp wisdom deeply deliberating and calculating (*計度*) on one's own that one is able to give rise [to grasping] of oneself. Within the five consciousnesses there is no keen and sharp wisdom, nor any deliberative discrimination (*計度分別*), hence there are no two graspings.
Regarding "'The karma generated by obstacles... not an outflow-result (*等流果*)'": Above, the body of obstacles was explained; below, the karma-and-result (*業果*) [of obstacles] is explained. As for "karma generated by obstacles" and so forth: if [it is] karma generated by the affliction obstacle, [those are] the karmas of demerit (*罪業*), merit (*福業*), and immovability (*不動業*) [i.e., the three kinds of karma]. If [it is] karma generated by the obstacle to what is to be known, those are the unconditioned (*無漏*) discriminative karmas (*有分別業*) of [realizing] dharma[-emptiness]. These two kinds of karma are present only in the first six [consciousnesses]. The remaining seventh and eighth consciousnesses are indeterminate (*無記*), and although there are volition (*思*, *cetanā*) mental factors [present in them], [they are] weak and cognize only internal [objects],