英語訳
【Right Page】
【Outside frame, upper right】
Eighty-four
【Outside frame, upper right horizontal】
Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror — Severing Obstacles Chapter
【Outside frame, lower right horizontal】
Eighty-four
【Upper Section】
— and therefore [they] are not of the nature of karma. As for "the results reside in the remaining seven consciousnesses and so forth": if [it is] the result obtained by the affliction obstacle, [it is] the coarse result of the divided body (*分段*, *sāṃsārika*). If [it is] the result obtained by the obstacle to what is to be known, [it is] the subtle result of the transforming body (*変異*, *parināmika*). These two results, excluding the seventh consciousness, reside in the remaining seven consciousnesses. The reason for this is that the seventh consciousness is not induced to arise by the karmic power of the other six consciousnesses. When [the text] says "the result resides in the remaining seven consciousnesses," it is only explaining the result of retribution (*異熟果*, *vipākaphala*), the superior dominant result (*増上果*, *adhipatiphala*), and the functional result (*士用果*, *puruṣakāraphala*) that are induced and generated by the karmic power of causes of retribution (*異熟因*) such as good and evil [karma]. The outflow-result (*等流果*, *niṣyandaphala*) is not discussed. The seventh consciousness also has an outflow-result, since preceding [moments] mutually induce [subsequent moments] and generate the later [members] of the same kind (*自類*), and this extends throughout all eight consciousnesses — hence the seventh consciousness also has an outflow-result.
(Reference: *Shūki* (*述記*), fascicle 8, main text, folio 27 verso and following.)
Question: That the seventh consciousness has no result of retribution, that meaning can be understood, because it is not a karmic result. But the functional result and the superior dominant result are not necessarily karmic results. Why, then, does the seventh consciousness not have these results? Answer: The karma and karmic seeds at the time of the ālaya-consciousness's (*頼耶*, *ālayavijñāna*) arising serve as the basis of functioning and superiority (*士用と増上の依*). Since the proximate and remote conditions (*親疎縁*) serve as the basis for operative function (*作用依*), the result produced by the cause of retribution is also called the "functional result" and is also called the "superior dominant result." Since [the text] is presently based on this explanation, the seventh consciousness has no functional result and so forth. The meaning of the five results is as explained in the eighth fascicle of the treatise and the eighth fascicle of the Ci'en commentary (*慈恩疏*).
Regarding "'Two, if [consciousness is] capable of severing... because there is freedom from defilement'": As for "at the time of departure from desire and regression, and so forth": this is the passage from the miscellaneous section (*雑品*) of the ninth fascicle of the *Zaxin lun* (*雑心論*). Accordingly that verse says: "At the time of departure from desire and regression, and at receiving birth, and also at death, cutting off wholesome [roots], and continuation [of wholesome roots] — know that these are [actions of] the mental consciousness (*意識*)." The explanation says: the mental consciousness has six matters that it does not share in common with the five [sense] consciousnesses, namely departure from desire and so forth. The present school's view is that all beings, whether ordinary persons or sages, in severing afflictions, uniformly employ the wisdom co-arising with the mental consciousness (*意識俱生の智慧*) to sever all fetters (*結使*, *saṃyojana*). This extends to both mundane wisdom and supramundane (*無漏*) wisdom;
【Lower Section】
the five [sense] consciousnesses are not employed. This is because those five consciousnesses — [in the case of] their wholesome consciousnesses — consist of only a single moment (*一念*) and do not continue in succession. Hence the *Abhidharmakośa* (*倶舎*) and the *Mahāvibhāṣā* (*婆沙*) also agree with this view. The four schools of the Mahāsāṃghika (*大衆部*), the Ekavyāvahārika (*一説部*), the Lokottaravāda (*説出世部*), and the Kaukkuṭika (*鶏胤部*) all equally hold that "the five consciousnesses also have freedom from defilement (*離染*)." However, within these schools there are two explanations. One says: the five consciousnesses serve as preparatory engagement (*加行*) and induce the arising of the holy path. As when, upon seeing the Buddha, the holy path immediately arises (see note: *Zonglun shu* [folio 53 recto]; "constituting the path of seeing" is not permissible). Hence [it] is called "freedom from defilement," not [the five consciousnesses] being capable of severing defilement. Two says: since [these schools] already permit that the substance of the five consciousnesses extends to the unconditioned (*無漏*), saying that [they] can be free from defilement is in truth beyond doubt. In the present passage, [the text] provisionally presents the latter explanation.
Regarding "'The Vātsīputrīya's view... wisdom correctly severs'": In the Vātsīputrīya's (*犢子部*) view, the five consciousnesses are indeterminate (*無記*, *avyākṛta*) and have no discrimination; hence they do not sever afflictions. As for "the masters of the *Satyasiddhi* [treatise] and others" (*成実論師*): [this refers to] Harivarman (*呵梨跋摩*, *Harivarman*), a later master of the Sautrāntika (*経部*), rendered [in Chinese] as "Lion Armor" (*師子鎧*). His origin and virtues of wisdom are as described in the preface to the commentary of Kaishanzhi (*開善*). Changlin and so forth say he was "a disciple of Kumāralāta (*鳩摩羅陀*)." The master Dagao says he was "a disciple of Dharmagupta (*曇無徳*)." As explained in the chapter of Master Zong (*宗法師*). The masters of the *Satyasiddhiśāstra* (*成実論師*) establish two kinds of four minds (*二種四心*). The first is the four minds of the body-consciousness (*身識四心*), because there is contact and then discrimination. The second is the four minds of the mental consciousness (*意識四心*), because [it] discriminates by means of consciousness. These four minds are as explained in the *Daoyi zhang* (*導義章*) of eight fascicles. What [the text] here calls "the volitional-mind wisdom (*行心智慧*)" is the fourth mind among the four of the mental consciousness. The "four minds" are: first, consciousness (*識*); second, sensation (*受*); third, perception (*想*); fourth, volition (*行*). Among these, the first three are indeterminate; the fourth volitional mind extends to all three natures (*三性*: wholesome, unwholesome, indeterminate). This master's intention is to make clear that the mundane [wisdom] of ordinary persons cannot
【Left Page】
【Outside frame, upper left】
Eighty-five
【Outside frame, upper left horizontal】
Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror — Severing Obstacles Chapter
【Outside frame, lower left horizontal】
Eighty-five
【Upper Section】
attain the severing of afflictions. Only the holy wisdom of a sage is capable of severing afflictions. What severs is wisdom (*智慧*), and is not co-arising with the six consciousnesses, because in the doctrine of that treatise the consciousnesses are indeterminate. Rather, [it is taught that one] correctly severs relying only on the wisdom of the fourth final volitional mind. The detailed explanation of the four minds is as in the various commentary works of that school.
Regarding "'In Mahāyāna [this capacity] resides only [in the mental consciousness]... hence [the text] says it is not [so]'": As for "regression and departure from desire and so forth": with respect to the non-shared activities (*不共業*, *asādhāraṇakarman*) of the mental consciousness, the Mahāyāna and Hīnayāna differ. According to the Hīnayāna, there are only six non-shared matters, not shared with the five [sense] consciousnesses — namely: first, departure from desire; second, regression; third, cutting off wholesome [roots]; fourth, continuation of wholesome [roots]; fifth, death; sixth, receiving birth. In the present Mahāyāna, fifteen kinds of non-shared activities are clarified, beginning from "discriminating the object of cognition (*分別所縁*)" and ending with "receiving birth." What is called "departure from desire" here is the tenth activity. [It is] only by means of five conditions that one can achieve departure from desire. First, "because the capacity (*根*) inclined toward departure from desire matures" means: ordinary persons and sages alike must await departure from desire; only when the capacity for departure from desire matures can [they] actually depart from desire. Up to the fifth — "because [they] rightly cultivate by means of skillful means, thinking without inversion" — means: ordinary persons suppress afflictions (*伏惑*), hence there is the meaning of regression; sages sever the seeds (*断種*) and do not regress at all. The word "regression" refers to the eleventh, "regression from departure from desire." Also by means of five conditions one obtains "regression from departure from desire." First, because of soft and weak faculties (*性軟根*); up to, fifth, because of being taken up by evil friends (*悪友*). For the full [explanation], see the first fascicle of the *Yogācārabhūmi* (*瑜伽師地論*). As for "the arising of the equality wisdom (*平等智*) is induced to arise by another and so forth": the arising of the equality wisdom (*平等智*, *samatājñāna*) is necessarily induced by the mental consciousness. Performing the function of the mirror-like wisdom (*円鏡智*, *ādarśajñāna*) arises only at the stage of fruition (*果位*, *phalabhūmi*). Therefore, in the other consciousnesses there is no meaning of severing obstacles.
Question: If in the seventh [consciousness] also there is no capability of severing [obstacles], why does the *Shèlun* (*摂論*; note: the *Shèlun* is the text of the *Kaixing lun* 1 [folio 16 recto]) say: "Where there is a remedy (*能治*, *pratipakṣa*), there is something to be remedied (*所治*). It is not in the five consciousnesses that that remedy is present. In this path of seeing (*見道*),
【Lower Section】
[it] does not arise" — [meaning that] the seventh [consciousness] should, like the five consciousnesses, lack that non-shared delusion (*不共癡*), and since the absence of a remedy (*能治*) is permitted [for the seventh], [should not the seventh also lack a remedy]?
Answer: Although the seventh [consciousness] does not directly and correctly remedy [afflictions], since the path of seeing can arise and is already capable of temporarily suppressing [afflictions], calling [it] a "remedy" involves no error. Because [the seventh] has this remedy (*能治*), the [analogical] argument does not hold. For the full [explanation], see that [text].
Regarding "'If [we take] the nature of severing capability... not the consciousness [of] dependent arising (*依他*)'": According to the ninth consciousness (*第九識*), there are two kinds: first, the true consciousness (*真識*); second, the pure consciousness (*浄識*). The first is unconditioned (*無為*); the latter is conditioned (*有為*). Presently [the text] takes the true consciousness as the nature of severing capability. Hence [it] says "[it is] not the consciousness of dependent arising (*依他識*)."
Regarding "'The fourth, based on the path... conditioned and unconditioned'": As for "namely the preparatory-engagement path (*加行道*), the uninterrupted path (*無間道*), and so forth": Among the five paths beginning with the path of provisioning (*資糧等*), it is only in the cultivation path (*修道位*) that the four paths arise in full. Regarding the path of seeing (*見道*), the various explanations differ. Master Fan (*範*) says: According to the sixty-ninth fascicle of the *Yogācārabhūmi* (*瑜伽論*), "the path of seeing is the path of swift progression (*速進道*)." Hence it is known that the path of seeing does not have the full four paths. Also, according to tradition: "there is only no preparatory path (*方便道*); the remaining three paths are present." And yet another [view]: "there are only the two paths of uninterrupted (*無間*) and liberation (*解脱*)." The preparatory-engagement path [means]: by adding (*加*) effort and practice (*功用行*) and so forth, delightedly seeking the path of severance (*断道*) and gradually severing what is to be treated (*所治*), [this] is called the "preparatory-engagement path (*加行道*)" and also called the "skillful-means path (*方便道*)" — because [one] skillfully advances and proceeds toward the path of severance. This name of "preparatory-engagement" (*加行*) does not necessarily imply [intense] effort and exertion (*勉励*). At the eighth stage (*第八地*) and above, although [there is] effortlessness (*無功用*), there is still the preparatory-engagement path of advancing and proceeding (*進趣*). As for the "uninterrupted path (*無間道*)": it means there is no interval (*間隔*) between the categories of afflictions (*惑品*). [The path by which] the category of what this path severs is completely exhausted is called the "uninterrupted path," and also called the "unobstructed path (*無礙道*)" — because no category of afflictions can obstruct this path. Furthermore, "uninterrupted (*無間*)" carries the meaning of "without interruption (*間断*)" — if this path arises, there is no further... [continued on next page]