英語訳
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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror — Severing Obstacles Chapter
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— so that [any] other mind arises in the interval [between moments], causing this interruption. As for the "liberation path" (*解脱道*, *vimuktimārga*): after the uninterrupted [path], one realizes the attainment of disconnection (*離繋の得*, *visaṃyogalābha*) and is capable of abandoning the coarse-and-heavy (*麤重*, *dauṣṭhulya*). This is called the "liberation path." What is called "coarse-and-heavy" refers to the quality of incapacity (*無堪任の性*, *akarmanyatā*) of the category to be severed — it is not the substance of the obstacle (*障体*) itself. As for the "the path of superior progression" (*勝進道*, *viśeṣamārga*): with respect to all paths [arising] after the liberation [path], looking toward this superior progression, [they are] called the "path of superior progression."
However, the path of superior progression has two kinds: the first is the "general" (*通*), and the second is the "specific" (*別*). The specific path of superior progression stands alone, not being included among the subsequent category's preparatory-engagement paths and so forth; [rather, one] separately cultivates other paths, or [for example] gives rise to contentment (*知足*), or remains in heedlessness (*放逸*), and so forth. Even though these are not in the category of superior progression, if they arise after the liberation [path], they are also called "superior progression." The general path of superior progression is precisely the preparatory-engagement path and so forth within the subsequent category. Looking toward the previous category, [it] is called the "path of superior progression," because after liberation [one] advances and proceeds to the subsequent category. The present chapter-author's intention is based on the general superior progression; hence [the text] says "further cultivate other paths." The meaning of these four paths is as extensively explained in the *Yogācārabhūmi* (*瑜伽師地論*; reference: fascicle 60 [folio 96 recto], *Abhidharmasamuccaya* 9 [folio 11 verso], □, *Xianyang* folio 47 recto merely enumerates the numbers), the *Abhidharmasamuccaya* (*対法*), the *Xianyang lun* (*顕揚論*), and so forth. As for "[these] four all extend to both conditioned and unconditioned [paths]": because even at the time of suppressing (*伏*) afflictions by means of conditioned (*有漏*) concentration (*定*), the four paths are also fully present, [the text] says "[these] four all extend to conditioned and unconditioned."
Regarding "'What path is capable of severing... or specific or general'": The following, based on the four paths, explains the capable-of-severing path (*能断道*). First [the text] clarifies the unconditioned (*無漏*) severing path; afterward it clarifies the conditioned (*有漏*) severing path. This [section] first clarifies the unconditioned severing path. As for "the two vehicles having dull faculties, and so forth": if one follows the treatise's intention, it clarifies the similarities and differences of the four paths of the three vehicles. Here [the text] takes the two vehicles (*二乗*, *dvayāna*) as its scope to clarify the capable-of-severing path, without raising [the case of] bodhisattvas. The meaning of this passage explains as follows: because the two vehicles have dull faculties and their path-power is weak, the uninterrupted [path] and the liberation [path] are necessarily each separate category by category. [The liberation of a] previous category cannot, looking toward the next, constitute an uninterrupted [path]; because [they are] not capable of severing the afflictions of that subsequent category. Nor can the subsequent uninterrupted [path], looking toward the previous,
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constitute a liberation [path]. When the liberation path arises, [it is] not capable of realizing (*証する*) that cessation (*滅*). Therefore the two paths [of uninterrupted and liberation] are each separate, category by category. Since the preparatory-engagement path and the superior-progression path are not [engaged in] directly severing and realizing, whether specific or general, both are permissible. "Specific" means: beyond this category's superior progression, one further separately arises the subsequent [category's] preparatory-engagement path. "General" means: the preparatory-engagement path of the subsequent category serves as the superior-progression path of the previous category. The preparatory-engagement path, solely looking toward the superior progression, is explained as general or specific; the superior-progression path likewise, looking toward the uninterrupted [path] and liberation [path], is explained as general or specific.
Regarding "'The meaning of this passage explains... hence [they] each arise separately'": As for "the preparatory-engagement tends toward severance, and so forth": among the four paths, the preparatory-engagement path and the superior-progression path do not sever afflictions, and therefore cannot be regarded as the capable-of-severing path. The uninterrupted [path] severs the substance of afflictions (*惑体*), and the liberation [path] removes the coarse-and-heavy; therefore these two are regarded as the capable-of-severing path. "[When] these arise, [they] cannot immediately constitute the distinct appearances (*別相*) of [each of] the two paths": The term "two paths" — some editions say "two paths," some editions say "three paths"; both are without contradiction. If [it is] three paths: [this is explained] in terms of the uninterrupted path that severs the second category. When this uninterrupted path of the second category arises, [it] cannot, looking toward the first category, constitute liberation; looking toward the second category, [it] constitutes the uninterrupted [path]; looking toward the third category, [it] constitutes preparatory-engagement. If [it is] two paths (reference: the commentary, *Shu*, fascicle 10, end, folio 10 recto, full passage beginning from "arising"): it is like [the case of] arising the uninterrupted path and having severed one category, then immediately arising the liberation of the second moment. This liberation of the second moment does not, looking toward the second category, constitute an uninterrupted path. For that second category, because of dull faculties, it is necessary to separately arise the uninterrupted [path] and the liberation [path]. So too for the ninth category and so forth. Whether sequential (*次第*) or by-passing (*超越*), both are thus. Because there are [practitioners] who can gradually sever the nine categories, the preparatory-engagement path and the superior-progression path each arise separately. If within a single contemplation (*一観*), in accordance with severing however many categories, there is then one general preparatory-engagement path and one subsequent
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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror — Severing Obstacles Chapter
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superior-progression path — therefore, making the preparatory-engagement path and the superior-progression path "general" or "specific" is easy. If one gradually severs the nine categories, [one] exits from contemplation (*出観*). If one severs the nine categories without exiting from contemplation, it is necessarily difficult to arise the uninterrupted [path] and the liberation [path] each separately. This discusses the cultivation path (*修道*); it does not mean that such a thing occurs within the path of seeing (*見道*). Because their faculties are dull, at the time of realizing the unconditioned (*無為*), [they are] not capable of severing afflictions. Even if [afflictions were] suppressed (*伏*) by the path of a previous life, when [one] subsequently enters the path of seeing, even if [they are] all together as one category and severed together with seeing, [they] do not constitute a separate path. There is a separate "diagram of the four paths of the two vehicles," as diagrammed on the left. The meaning can be understood therefrom. The two vehicles' before-and-after [arrangement with] the four paths, provisionally [shown as]:
The upper part of the diagram has nine ○ — these are the categories to be treated (*所治の品*); the lower twenty ○ are the capable-treating paths (*能治の道*).
(Diagram)
○ First-moment path: Looking toward all nine categories in general, all constitute preparatory-engagement [path]. There is no meaning of the other paths.
○ Second-moment path: (marginal note: Looking toward the first category, it constitutes the uninterrupted path. There is only one path. [Arises] separately as the uninterrupted [path].)
○ Third-moment path: Looking toward the first category, it constitutes the liberation path. By reference to the preceding, one should understand.
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○ Twentieth-moment path: Looking toward all nine categories in general, it constitutes the superior-progression path. There is no meaning of the other paths.
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Regarding "'The ninth fascicle says... the two kinds of paths'": This is to demonstrate that [practitioners of] the two vehicles should arise the uninterrupted [path] and the liberation [path] category by category. Hence "[the text stating that] the uninterrupted [path] and the liberation [path] all constitute the capable-of-severing path" and below is the chapter-author's text. As for "because the intention (*期心*) of severing afflictions and realizing cessation are separate, and so forth": if one follows the treatise's intention, this is a general response to the Hīnayāna objection. The Hīnayāna objection states: "In [the Hīnayāna's] uninterrupted path, there is still [the affliction's] attainment (*惑の得*); it is possible to arise [the next path because of the] incompatibility of the liberation path [with this] attainment. Now in your [Mahāyāna's] uninterrupted path, since the seeds of affliction (*惑種*) are already absent, what is the purpose of further arising the liberation path? What use does [it] serve?" Therefore the treatise-master responds in general: "Because the prior preparatory-engagement path's intention (*期心*) was separate." That is, in the uninterrupted path one is capable of severing afflictions; in the liberation path one is capable of realizing cessation (*滅*). Even though in the uninterrupted path the seeds of affliction are already absent, for realizing that unconditioned [cessation], there is this separate function; hence [one] arises the liberation path. This is the first explanation (*第一解*). As for "in order to abandon the coarse-and-heavy quality of that category": this is the second explanation (*第二解*). The coarse-and-heavy quality is precisely the quality of incapacity (*無堪任の性*) of the seeds of the two obstacles. Even though in the uninterrupted path the seeds of affliction are absent, [one] has not yet abandoned that quality of incapacity. In order to abandon this, [one] arises the liberation path.
Regarding "'If the conditioned six [paths]... liberation is not separate'": From here onward, [the text] clarifies the conditioned severing path (*有漏断道*). Within the school of the Sarvāstivāda (*薩婆多*, *Sarvāstivāda*; reference: *Abhidharmakośa* fascicle 24 [folio 15 recto], *Mahāvibhāṣā* fascicle 64 [folio 3 recto], *Vijñaptimātratā* (*唯識論*) fascicle 6 [folio 20 recto], *Yogācārabhūmi* fascicle 33 [folio 5] — compare these), there are two explanations. One says: suffering [state] (*苦*, *duḥkha*) serves as the uninterrupted path, and the calm [state] (*静*, *śānta*) serves as the liberation path; and so on, up to: the obstructed [state] (*障*, *sāsrava*) serves as the uninterrupted [path], and the separated [state] (*離*, *visaṃyukta*) serves as the liberation [path]. One critic (*評家*) says: any one of the three [states] serves as the uninterrupted path, and any one of the three serves as the liberation path. In the present Mahāyāna, [the text] agrees with the critic's explanation. Hence [the text] says: "any one of the three — suffering, coarse, obstruction —