英語訳
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Ninety-six
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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror — Eliminating Obstacles Chapter
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Ninety-six
【Upper Section】
Regarding "Sixth, the five levels of patient endurance (*pañca-kṣānti*), up to 'because it is common to both elimination and suppression'": The "five levels of patient endurance" refers to: suppressive endurance (*furen*), faith endurance (*shinnin*), accord endurance (*junnin*), no-arising endurance (*mushōnin*), and quiescence-extinction endurance (*jakumetsunin*). Suppressive endurance, as its name implies, only suppresses and does not eliminate. The remaining two categories [of the five], in their respective applications, are common to both elimination and suppression. The old *Shōron* commentary (Note #1: Liang dynasty *Shōron* fascicle twelve) says: "Moment by moment, one is capable of destroying that which, among the mass of afflictions, is the object of antidotal treatment (*pratipakṣa-viṣaya*), causing it to be extinguished; and causing that which is not the object of antidotal treatment to wane and be extinguished. This is precisely elimination. 'Waning' is precisely suppression." Furthermore, faith endurance and accord endurance suppress through preparatory wisdom (*prayoga-jñāna*) and eliminate through fundamental wisdom (*mūla-jñāna*). No-arising endurance and quiescence-extinction endurance largely suppress through fundamental wisdom, and also eliminate through fundamental wisdom. "Suppression through the power of momentum (*seibun-riki*)" means: it is not through the power of deliberate intention that one suppresses — rather, when the uncontaminated [wisdom] arises, suppression occurs naturally. "However, although the Buddha is also included within quiescence-extinction, this is not encompassed by elimination" means: within quiescence-extinction endurance, two stages are comprehensively included: first, the causal stage; second, the resultant stage. If [the endurance] is included in the causal stage, one then eliminates the substance of the obstacle and also expels the latent tendencies (*dauṣṭhulya*, "grossness"). If it is included in the Buddha stage, one only abandons the latent tendencies alone, and does not eliminate the substance of the obstacle. Therefore it says "although the Buddha is also included within quiescence-extinction, this is not encompassed by elimination." "The stage of the path of the bodhisattvas of the ten grounds is already long, etc." means: because one passes through two *asaṃkhyeya* kalpas, it is called long. "Common to elimination and suppression" means: the seeds of cultivated afflictions (*bhāvanā-prahātavya*) within the affliction-obstacle (*kleśāvaraṇa*) are eliminated all at once in the Vajra-like concentration (*vajropama-samādhi*). The manifest arising of those obstacles is suppressed all at once from the first ground onward (*bhūmy-upari*). The seeds to be eliminated by cultivation within the cognitive obstacle (*jñeyāvaraṇa*) are sequentially eliminated through the ten grounds. The manifest arising of those obstacles is only permanently and completely suppressed upon reaching the tenth ground. Therefore it says "common to elimination and suppression."
Regarding "Seventh, the six direct realizations (*ṣaḍ-abhisamaya*), up to 'because it eliminates afflictions of phenomenal confusion'": The "six direct realizations" are: contemplative direct realization (*si-genkan*), faith direct realization (*shin-genkan*), precept direct realization (*kai-genkan*), direct realization of the wisdom of the truth (*genkan chidai*), direct realization of the boundary wisdom of the truth (*genkan henchidai*), and ultimate direct realization (*kukyō genkan*). If one briefly elucidates their substances: contemplative direct realization has as its substance the wisdom produced through reflection (*cintāmayī-prajñā*) of the upper-middle grade in the ordinary-being stage (*pṛthagjana-bhūmi*). Faith direct realization has as its nature superior pure faith of mundane and supramundane levels that takes the three jewels as its object. Precept direct realization has as its substance uncontaminated precepts (*anāsrava-śīla*). Direct realization of the wisdom of the truth has as its nature the wisdom in the seeing-path (*darśana-mārga*) that takes non-posited truth (*anabhilapya-satya*) as its object. Direct realization of the boundary wisdom of the truth has as its nature the subsequently-attained wisdom (*pṛṣṭha-labdha-jñāna*) that takes posited truth (*abhilapya-satya*) as its object. Ultimate direct realization has as its nature the fundamental and subsequently-attained exhaustion-wisdom and no-arising wisdom, etc.
Question: Among the three wisdoms, why is hearing wisdom (*śrutamayī-prajñā*) not separately established as a direct realization?
Answer: Hearing wisdom arises only by taking teachings as its object, and has not yet attained certainty; therefore it is not separately established.
These six direct realizations are distinguished according to the four antidotes (*catvāraḥ pratipakṣāḥ*). This is as explained in *Yogācārabhūmi* fascicle seventy-one. The *Zuan* says: "If one explains according to the text, it is as in *Yogācārabhūmi* fascicle fifty-five, and fascicle seventy-one (Note #1: *Weishi* fascicle nine) gives a broad explanation of the characteristics. The present statement that 'contemplative direct realization only suppresses, etc.' is an explanation by way of meaning. If explained by way of meaning: contemplative [direct realization] is only within the desire realm, only suppressive, and not eliminative. Faith, precept, truth, and boundary [direct realizations] are common to both suppression and elimination. Both direct elimination and auxiliary elimination obtain the name of elimination. Faith and precept are auxiliary elimination; truth and boundary are direct elimination. Therefore all obtain the name of elimination. Because faith is common to the uncontaminated, it is auxiliary elimination. Because boundary is the wisdom that eliminates confusion about phenomena (*mili-ji*), it is direct elimination." For fuller details, see the explanations in *Yogācārabhūmi*, *Weishi lun*, etc.
Regarding "If one follows the *Abhidharmasamuccaya*, up to 'because it has already been eliminated earlier'": The "boundary conventional wisdom of direct realization" (*xianguan bian su zhi*) explained in the *Abhidharmasamuccaya* (Note #2: *Duifa* fascicle thirteen) differs in meaning from the "boundary-truth direct realization" (*bian di xianguan*) explained in *Yogācārabhūmi*. That text [the *Abhidharmasamuccaya*] says: "What is attained and cultivated on the seeing-path can only manifest in the cultivation-path (*bhāvanā-mārga*). Because it is only conventional wisdom, it is therefore unable to eliminate afflictions." When *Yogācārabhūmi* says "boundary-truth direct realization," it takes the pure uncontaminated wisdom of both the true seeing-path and the conceptual seeing-path, which are both common to direct elimination — therefore the *Yogācārabhūmi* position is taken as correct. "Ultimate [direct] realization is not [for] elimination, etc." means: ultimate direct realization is not for the elimination of afflictions, because they have already been eliminated before [this stage]. Here the elimination of afflictions is being discussed.
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Ninety-seven
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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror — Eliminating Obstacles Chapter
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Ninety-seven
【Upper Section】
If one is eliminating meditative obstacles (*dhyāna-āvaraṇa*), etc., even the ultimate [stage] of two-vehicle practitioners (*dvayāna*, i.e., śrāvaka and pratyekabuddha) may allow for the meaning of elimination. These various doctrinal points are as explained in the separate chapter (Note #1: the "separate chapter" refers to the sixth unfinished [text], the *Sanhui yilin*, "Meaning Forest of Three Wisdoms").
Regarding "Eighth, the seven mental engagements (*saptamanaskārā*), up to 'differs from *Yogācārabhūmi*'": The essential substance (*kokushō shuttai*) of these seven mental engagements is the mental factor (*cetasika*) of mental engagement (*manaskāra*). If explained following their characteristics, in accordance with their respective applications, the simultaneously arising mind (*citta*) and mental factors (*caitasika*) constitute their substance — either twenty-three or twenty-four [factors, respectively]. For fuller details, see the *Duifa shu* commentary (Note #1: *Zaji shu* fascicle nine). Their inclusion under the four antidotes is as in *Yogācārabhūmi* fascicle sixteen. Their inclusion under the four paths is as in fascicle sixty-two. Their inclusion under four mental engagements is as in *Yogācārabhūmi* fascicle thirty-two. Their mutual inclusion is as in *Yogācārabhūmi* fascicle eleven. "First, understanding the characteristic (*liǎo-xiàng*), etc." means: if one explains briefly following *Abhidharmasamuccaya* fascicle nine: The mental engagement of understanding the characteristic (*liǎo-xiàng manaskāra*) is that in which, with respect to what should be eliminated and what should be attained, one is able to clearly know [them correctly], and in order to eliminate and attain, one's mind generates aspiration (*āśā*). The mental engagement of superior resolve (*shèngjiě manaskāra*) is that in which, in order to eliminate and attain, one correctly initiates preparatory practice (*prayoga*). The mental engagement of seclusion (*yuǎnlí manaskāra*) is capable of abandoning all upper-grade afflictions present. The mental engagement of delightful reception (*shèlè manaskāra*) is capable of abandoning all middle-grade afflictions present. The mental engagement of investigation (*guānchá manaskāra*) is that which, with respect to what has been attained, having separated from overweening pride (*abhimāna*), settles the mind securely. The mental engagement of perfected preparatory practice (*jiāxíng-jiūjìng manaskāra*) is capable of abandoning all lower-grade afflictions present. The mental engagement of the fruit of perfected preparatory practice (*jiāxíng-jiūjìng-guǒ manaskāra*) is that which correctly receives and thoroughly cultivates all those mental engagements [previously mentioned].
Answer: This [seven mental engagements system] is already [concerned with] the mundane path, only suppressing coarse entanglements (*coarse-level manifest afflictions*), and not eliminating latent tendencies (*anuśaya*).
"If one follows the *Abhidharmasamuccaya* and *Yogācārabhūmi* they differ" means: in *Yogācārabhūmi*, the seven mental engagements are explained as common to both mundane and supramundane [levels]. In *Abhidharmasamuccaya*, the seven mental engagements are explained based solely on the mundane path. Because these [accounts] differ, it says "differs from *Yogācārabhūmi*." For fuller details, see the *Zuan*'s
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explanation.
Regarding "The sixth, based on practice, up to 'the sixteen aspects of the four truths'": "Emptiness, signlessness, etc." — the *Sarvāstivāda* (Note #1: Hīnayāna *Boposa* fascicle 104; *Abhidharmakośa* fascicle 28; *Zaxin* fascicle 8 *xia*) says: "Under the truth of suffering (*duḥkha-satya*), the two aspects of emptiness and not-self are established as the gate of empty liberation (*śūnya-vimokṣa-mukha*). Under the truth of suffering, the two aspects of suffering and impermanence, together with the four aspects under the truth of origination (*samudaya-satya*), are established as the gate of wishless liberation (*apraṇihita-vimokṣa-mukha*). Under the truth of cessation (*nirodha-satya*), the four aspects are established as the gate of signless liberation (*animitta-vimokṣa-mukha*)." The *Satyasiddhi* school (Note #1: *Chengshi* fascicle fourteen) says: "Having true wisdom as its nature and following skillful means, it is called the three gates. That is to say, the emptiness of conventional designations (*prajñapti-śūnyatā*) is called the empty liberation, the emptiness of real dharmas (*vastu-śūnyatā*) is called the signless gate, and the emptiness of that emptiness itself (*śūnyatā-śūnyatā*) is called the wishless gate." Within the Mahāyāna school (Note #1: For the Mahāyāna, see *Yogācārabhūmi* fascicles twelve, twenty-eight, forty-five, fifty-four, sixty-eight, seventy-two, seventy-four; *Weishi lun* fascicle eight; *Xianyang* fascicle two; *Duifa* fascicle eleven, etc.), the various texts are not in agreement. *Yogācārabhūmi* fascicle seventy-four says: "The three gates of liberation are established by means of the three self-natures (*trisvabhāva*). That is to say, by virtue of the parikalpita (imagined) nature (*parikalpita-svabhāva*) it is called the empty liberation gate; by virtue of the paratantra (dependent) nature (*paratantra-svabhāva*) it is called the wishless gate; by virtue of the pariniṣpanna (perfected) nature (*pariniṣpanna-svabhāva*) it is called the signless gate." "The six aspects of suffering, grossness, etc." means: the three [aspects] of suffering, grossness, and obstruction constitute the faults of the lower realms; the three [aspects] of tranquility, excellence, and release constitute the virtues of the higher realms. These are called the six aspects. "The sixteen aspects" means: since each of the four truths has four [aspects], sixteen are formed. The four of the truth of suffering are: suffering, emptiness, impermanence, and not-self. And so forth up to the four of the truth of the path (*mārga-satya*), which are: path, suchness (*tathā*), progression (*pratipad*), and deliverance (*nairyāṇika*). For fuller details, see the explanations in *Yogācārabhūmi*, *Abhidharmasamuccaya*, etc.
Regarding "First, emptiness and wishlessness, up to 'exclusively included within concentration (*samādhi*)'": This is entirely treatise text. Therefore that text says: "If without distinction one collectively names [them] emptiness, signlessness, and wishlessness, this is common to wisdom produced through hearing, reflection, and cultivation (*śrutacintābhāvanāmayī-prajñā*), and to both mundane and supramundane [levels]. If named the emptiness, signlessness, and wishlessness concentration (*samādhi*), this is only wisdom produced through cultivation (*bhāvanāmayī-prajñā*), common to [both]...