英語訳
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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror — Eliminating Obstacles Chapter
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(Continued from previous page) …common to both mundane and supramundane levels. If named the gates of empty, signless, and wishless liberation (*śūnya-animitta-apraṇihita-vimokṣa-mukha*), this is exclusively supramundane. Since the author here condenses the intent and quotes [the source text], the wording differs somewhat. The *Sarvāstivāda* says: "The three *samādhi*s and the three liberation gates differ from each other in meaning." Hence the *Mahāvibhāṣā* says: "The three *samādhi*s are common to both contaminated and uncontaminated [states]. The three liberation gates are exclusively uncontaminated. The reason for this is that the contaminated involves bondage, whereas liberation entails separation from bondage. Therefore the liberation gates are exclusively uncontaminated." Master Xuanlong says: "The three *samādhi*s and the three liberation gates are all uncontaminated. Hence *Yogācārabhūmi* fascicle sixty-nine says: 'The nine types of wisdom — the wisdom of the four truths, the Dharma-wisdom (*dharma-jñāna*), the subsequent-class wisdom (*anvaya-jñāna*), etc. — are exclusively supramundane and exclusively uncontaminated.' He himself explains: 'Since the three *samādhi*s and the three liberation gates are included within the wisdom of the four truths, it is known that their nature is exclusively uncontaminated.'" The present author says: That is not so. That the three *samādhi*s are common to both contaminated and uncontaminated [states] is already clear in the text, as shown in the *Xianyang lun*. However, when *Yogācārabhūmi* says "the three *samādhi*s are included within the wisdom of the four truths," it is citing their commonality with the uncontaminated and not discussing their commonality with the contaminated — therefore there is no contradiction.
Regarding "Therefore it is known that the three gates, up to 'four wholesome preparatory practices (*catvāraḥ kuśala-prayoga*)' ": Although this observation of the three gates is also common to elimination (*prahāṇa*), the present discussion emphasizes only the meaning of suppression (*vāsanā*-suppression). Hence it says "all are capable of suppressing afflictions." Among the three gates, since the emptiness aspect (*śūnyatā-ākāra*) is the broadest in scope, it is what directly suppresses afflictions; and in principle, the remaining two aspects are also capable of suppression. "Entering the Mahāyāna stage based on the two-emptiness gate (*dvayaśūnyatā-dvāra*), etc." means: since the contemplative practice (*samādhicarya*) of the three gates is a practice common to all three vehicles, in accordance with what each contemplates, each enters the stage of its own respective vehicle. If, within the three-gate contemplation, one only suppresses without eliminating, one is in the stage of the four wholesome roots (*catvāraḥ kuśala-mūlāni*). If one is common to both suppression and elimination, one is at or above the seeing-path (*darśana-mārga*). Since the present discussion highlights the stage of suppression, it says "this stage is precisely in the four wholesome preparatory practices (*prayoga*)."
Regarding "If one directly eliminates, up to 'because signlessness is unconditioned (*asaṃskṛta*)' ": "Two aspects" refers to the emptiness aspect (*śūnyatā-ākāra*) and the not-self aspect (*anātman-ākāra*)
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under the truth of suffering (*duḥkha-satya*). "Ten aspects" refers to the two aspects of suffering (*duḥkha*) and impermanence (*anitya*) under the truth of suffering, together with the four aspects under the truth of origination (*samudaya*) and the four aspects under the truth of the path (*mārga*), combining to form ten aspects. Since all are conditioned (*saṃskṛta*), they constitute the wishless (*apraṇihita*). "Four aspects" refers to the four aspects under the truth of cessation (*nirodha*). This is the text of *Yogācārabhūmi* fascicle sixty-eight, hence it says "one explanation holds." Therefore that text says: "The emptiness (*śūnya*) and not-self (*anātman*) under suffering are named the empty liberation gate; the impermanence (*anitya*) and suffering (*duḥkha*) under suffering, together with the four aspects under origination and the four aspects under the path, are named the wishless liberation gate; the four aspects under cessation are named the signless liberation gate."
Question: Although the truth of the path is conditioned (*saṃskṛta*), it is a place to be aspired to. Why, then, are the four aspects of the path placed under wishlessness (*apraṇihita*)?
Answer: This text provisionally follows the "gate of the principle of concomitant transformation" (*zuiten-rimon*). In the *Sarvāstivāda* school, when one enters the remainder-less [nirvāṇa] (*nirupadhiśeṣa-nirvāṇa*), one relinquishes the truth of the path. Therefore those four aspects also enter wishlessness. Another interpretation: this also represents the "gate of the true principle of the Mahāyāna." The Mahāyāna also admits that those of fixed nature (*niyata-gotra*) among the two-vehicle practitioners enter remainder-less cessation (*nirupadhiśeṣa-nirodha*), reducing the body to ash and extinguishing wisdom (*bhasmaśarīra-vijñānanirodha*). What obstacle would there be for those four aspects to also enter wishlessness?
Regarding "One explanation holds that emptiness is like [the following], up to 'because signlessness is uncontaminated' ": This is the text of *Abhidharmasamuccaya* fascicle eleven. Therefore that text says:
Question: How many aspects does emptiness encompass?
Answer: Two — the emptiness aspect and the not-self aspect.
Question: How many aspects does wishlessness encompass?
Answer: Six — the impermanence aspect, the suffering aspect, the cause aspect (*hetu-ākāra*), the origination aspect (*samudaya-ākāra*), the arising aspect (*prabhava-ākāra*), and the condition aspect (*pratyaya-ākāra*). This is because [practitioners] have no object of aspiration (*praṇidhāna*) within the three realms.
Question: How many aspects does signlessness encompass?
Answer: Eight — the eight aspects of cessation and the path. This is because [practitioners] are incapable of constructing [any] characteristic signs (*nimitta*).
Explanation: Although the four aspects of the truth of the path are possessed of characteristics (*sa-nimitta*), since they bear the characteristic of being uncontaminated (*anāsrava*), they are called signless (*animitta*).
Regarding "One explanation holds that emptiness is like [the following], up to 'therefore it is not signless' ": This is the text of *Yogācārabhūmi* fascicle fifty-five. Therefore that
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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror — Eliminating Obstacles Chapter
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text says: "Of these sixteen aspects, how many are emptiness aspects? The latter two aspects of the truth of suffering [i.e., the emptiness and not-self aspects]. How many are wishless aspects? Likewise, the former two aspects of the truth of suffering [i.e., the suffering and impermanence aspects], and all [aspects] of the truth of origination. How many are signless aspects? All [aspects] of the truth of cessation. How many are aspects disclosed by the pure cause (*viśuddhi-hetu*)? All [aspects] of the truth of the path."
Explanation: The "latter two aspects of the truth of suffering" are the emptiness aspect and the not-self aspect. When this text here says "the four aspects of the path are not among the three gates, etc.," [it means that] all of the truth of the path are what the pure cause discloses, and are not the aspects of emptiness, etc. Therefore they do not constitute the contemplative practice of the three gates. Because [the truth of the path] is not the truth of suffering, it is not within the domain of emptiness. Because it is uncontaminated, it is not within the domain of wishlessness. Because it is (permanently existent, not impermanent) [i.e., characterized by constancy in a certain sense], it is not an object of signlessness. However, the *Abhidharmasamuccaya* [speaks of] the characteristic of practice (*ākāra*) as quiescent, so it is also called the signless *samādhi*. Since the object (*ālambana*) and the aspiration (*abhiprāya*) differ [between the two texts], there is no contradiction.
Regarding "The second fascicle of *Xianyang* [lun], up to 'included in accordance with the three gates' ": "The path can act as the three gates, etc." — that text says: "Contemplating the path of wisdom-emptiness, one performs the four aspects of path — suchness (*tathā*), practice (*pratipad*), and deliverance (*nairyāṇika*) [along with path itself]. This is also an emptiness aspect. Contemplating the path of wisdom-signlessness, one performs the four aspects of the path. This is also a signless aspect. Contemplating the path of wisdom-wishlessness, one performs the four aspects of the path. This is also a wishless aspect." The *Zuan* says: "Considering the intent of this treatise, the not-self aspect and the emptiness aspect are commonly attributed to wishlessness. If one follows this text, emptiness and signlessness can both eliminate and suppress, whereas wishlessness can only suppress."
Regarding "One explanation holds that the emptiness aspect [is as follows], up to 'corresponding to what was said before' ": This is the text of *Yogācārabhūmi* fascicle sixty-nine. Therefore that text says: "The empty gate is encompassed by eight wisdoms: the Dharma-wisdom and subsequent-class wisdom (*anvaya-jñāna*) [pertaining] to the four truths, along with the supramundane exhaustion-wisdom (*kṣaya-jñāna*) and no-arising wisdom (*anutpāda-jñāna*). The wishless gate is encompassed by six wisdoms: the Dharma-wisdom and subsequent-class wisdom [pertaining] to suffering and origination, [along with] the exhaustion-wisdom and no-arising wisdom. The signless gate is encompassed by five wisdoms: the Dharma-wisdom and subsequent-class wisdom [pertaining] to cessation, along with the exhaustion-wisdom and no-arising wisdom." The *Zuan*'s explanation says: "Since the empty gate already encompasses
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the Dharma-class four-truth [wisdoms], it is known that it extends throughout the sixteen [aspects]." However, upon examining that text, the Dharma-class four-truth [wisdoms] should not be [wisdoms] that take the posited truths (*prajñapti-satya*) as their object. Since within the exhaustion-wisdom and no-arising wisdom only the supramundane [level] applies, given this, they do not necessarily take all sixteen [aspects] as their object. One should further examine the text and explain its meaning.
Regarding "One explanation holds that emptiness is not [as follows], up to 'because it is indeterminate' ": This is the intent of *Yogācārabhūmi* fascicle twenty-eight. Therefore that text says: "On what basis are the three liberation gates established? The objects of what is to be known (*jñeya*) are briefly of two kinds: existence (*sat*) and non-existence (*asat*). Conditioned (*saṃskṛta*) and unconditioned (*asaṃskṛta*) [phenomena] are said to be 'existence.' Self (*ātman*), sentient beings (*sattva*), etc., are called 'non-existence.' Since faults are seen within the conditioned, there is nothing to be wished for. Based on this, the wishless liberation is established. Since extreme quiescence (*parama-śānti*) is seen within the unconditioned, a deep aspiration arises. Because within it one sees permanent departure (*nihsaraṇa*), based on this the signless liberation gate is established. With respect to that non-existence and the non-existent [realm of] nothingness, there is neither aspiration nor non-aspiration. Just as [things] are non-existent, one returns to knowing and seeing non-existence as it truly is. Based on this, the empty liberation gate is established."
Explanation: The intent of this text is to reveal that the object of the wishless gate is precisely the conditioned five aggregates (*pañca-skandha*), and the object of the signless gate is precisely the unconditioned nirvāṇa. Therefore these two gates each contemplates the truth appropriate to it. The object of the empty gate is neither conditioned nor unconditioned — it is precisely the parikalpita nature (imagined, constructed nature, *parikalpita-svabhāva*) — therefore this gate only contemplates the parikalpita [nature]. "Corresponding to" (*zuiō*) means: the object of the signless gate has two categories. First is the category of permanence and impermanence (*nitya-anitya*): since all permanent dharmas are pariniṣpanna (perfectly accomplished), the object is precisely cessation among the four truths. Second is the category of contaminated and uncontaminated (*sāsrava-anāsrava*): since all uncontaminated dharmas are pariniṣpanna, accordingly [all uncontaminated dharmas] take the truth of the path among the four truths as their object. In order to reveal this meaning, it says "corresponding to" (*zuiō*). The uncontaminated paratantra (dependent) nature (*paratantra-svabhāva*) is also common to the pariniṣpanna nature. Therefore it says "because the substance of the two natures is indeterminate." The *Zuan* says: