英語訳
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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror — Eliminating Obstacles Chapter
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【Upper Section】
The uncontaminated truth of the path (*anāsrava-mārga-satya*) either belongs to the wishless [gate], since it is conditioned (*saṃskṛta*), or belongs to the signless [gate], since it is a cause of nirvāṇa. Furthermore, it is additionally explained: or it belongs to neither of the three gates at all, since it is not within the three realms and is not nirvāṇa either. If one follows this text, the three gates are together not the path of direct elimination (*prahāṇa-mārga*). Or alternatively, only the empty gate alone is capable of both eliminating and suppressing. Although within the preparatory practices (*prayoga*) one sees that the self is non-existent, it is because one realizes (*sākṣāt-karoti*) emptiness-nature in the correct contemplation.
Regarding "One explanation holds that the three gates, up to 'because the principle is divided by meaning' ": "In the meaning of correct-wisdom contemplation one divides into three gates, etc." means: from the meaning within a single moment of correct-wisdom contemplation, one divides into the three gates and the sixteen [aspects]. Accordingly, two passages are cited as evidence. Concerning this one interpretation, among the discussions of the five dharmas (*pañca-dharmāḥ*) in *Yogācārabhūmi* fascicle seventy-two, it says: "If one declares [this teaching] using only the name of liberation gate, one should know that in this context it has as its nature exclusively what is produced through supramundane cultivation." Furthermore, *Vijñaptimātratāsiddhi* (*Cheng Weishi lun*) fascicle eight says: "As for the relationship between the domain (*viṣaya*) that the three liberation gates traverse and these three natures (*tri-svabhāva*) — how do they include each other? In actual principle, they are mutually inclusive throughout. Following [their respective] characteristics, each [gate belongs to] one [nature]." Therefore it is known that, by taking one true-suchness principle (*ekatathātā*) as object, the three gates arise together. That is to say: within the principle disclosed by the two-fold emptiness (*dvayaśūnyatā*), because the two selves (*dvaya-ātman*) are empty, this is called "empty"; because it is apart from all characteristics (*nimitta*), it is called "signless"; and because there is nothing to aspire to, it is called "wishless." Therefore from one substance (*eka-svabhāva*), it is divided into three by meaning. The sixteen aspects (*ṣoḍaśa-ākāra*) should also be understood in the same way. Because they are divided according to the mode of expression (*abhidhāna*) within one single truth. Hence the *Abhidharmasamuccaya* says: "Extensive, hence four truths; condensed, hence true-suchness (*tathatā*)." If one follows this interpretation, the three gates taking the perfectly accomplished nature (*pariniṣpanna-svabhāva*) as object are all capable of both elimination and suppression, because they intimately realize (*sākṣāt-karoti*) the principle. The three gates taking the remaining two natures [i.e., the parikalpita and paratantra natures] as object are none of them the direct path of elimination, because they do not realize true-suchness.
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Regarding "If one uses separate practices, up to 'no obstruction in principle' ": "If using separate [contemplative] practices, for the most part only the empty gate eliminates afflictions, etc." — above, the common gate (*tōng-mén*) was discussed; below, the separate gate (*bié-mén*) is clarified. If one uses the separate gate, for the most part it is only by means of the empty gate alone that afflictions are eliminated, because the two selves (*dvaya-ātman*) are emptied. "This is the comprehensively-objectified emptiness (*sōng-yuán-kōng*), etc." means: in general, emptiness has two kinds. First, the comprehensively-objectified emptiness (*sōng-yuán-kōng*), which empties the two selves throughout all four truths. Second, the selectively-objectified emptiness (*bié-yuán-kōng*), which exclusively empties the two selves under suffering [alone]. When it now says "because the two selves are empty," this is the comprehensively-objectified emptiness. The selectively-objectified emptiness applies only to suffering and does not extend to the others. In each case, appropriately, [these should be] included within the two wisdoms of directly following [the path]. Whether eliminating or suppressing, in principle there is no obstruction. The meaning of the three liberation gates is as explained in the *Yogācārabhūmi*, *Mahāprajñāpāramitopadeśa* (*Zhidu lun*), *Xianyang lun*, *Abhidharmasamuccaya*, *Mahāvibhāṣā*, and other [treatises].
Regarding "The six [aspects] beginning with suffering, up to 'not capable of elimination' ": "These six practices (*ṣaḍ-ākāra*) are exclusively within the contaminated preparatory-ground (*sāsrava-prayoga-bhūmi*), etc." means: in suppressing the affliction-obstacle (*kleśa-āvaraṇa*), within both the preparatory grounds (*prayoga-bhūmi*) and the fundamental grounds (*mūla-bhūmi*) of the six grounds of the form realm and the four grounds of the formless realm, both are capable of suppressing them. If one suppresses using the six practices, [one is in] the preparatory ground; if [one uses] the seven mental engagements (*sapta-manaskāra*) and the like, [these] are common to both the fundamental and preparatory [grounds], since only the seventh mental engagement enters the fundamental [ground].
Question: Are the six-practice wisdoms exclusively contaminated (*sāsrava*), or are they also common to the uncontaminated (*anāsrava*)?
Answer: These are exclusively contaminated.
Question: If so, the six practices of ordinary persons (*pṛthagjana*) should naturally be contaminated. But how can the six practices of noble persons (*ārya*) be contaminated?
Answer: The six practices of noble persons are also contaminated. The reason for this is that noble persons, using the various worldly wisdoms (*laukika-jñāna*) obtained after their supramundane wisdom (*lokottara-jñāna*), at the time of separating from desires (*virāga*), perform the six-practice wisdoms and the like, thereby damaging and suppressing the seeds of afflictions (*kleśa-bīja*). For this reason, the six practices of noble persons are also contaminated. From this one can infer: within the seeing-path (*darśana-mārga*), the six practices do not arise. Only within the cultivation-path (*bhāvanā-mārga*) are they aroused by means of worldly wisdom (*laukika-jñāna*).
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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror — Eliminating Obstacles Chapter
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【Upper Section】
Regarding "Common to ordinary persons and noble persons, up to 'because of taking rebirth' ": "Common to ordinary persons and noble persons, etc." — *Yogācārabhūmi* fascicle thirty-three says: "There are four kinds of *pudgala* (persons) who in the present life aspire to traverse the worldly path and arouse the preparatory practice (*prayoga*), [but] not the supramundane path. First, all non-Buddhists (*tīrthika*). Second, those within the correct Dharma whose faculties (*indriya*) are weak and feeble, who first cultivate the correct practice. Third, those whose faculties are sharp but whose wholesome roots (*kuśala-mūla*) are not yet matured. Fourth, all bodhisattvas who aspire to realize great bodhi (*mahābodhi*) in a future life, not in the present one. Furthermore there are two kinds: first, those fully bound (*saṃyojana*), meaning ordinary persons of differing natures; second, those not fully bound, meaning all learners (*śaikṣa*, i.e., noble persons still in training). First observing the desire realm as coarse in nature, [and] the first meditation (*prathamā-dhyāna*) — whether as a state of meditation or as a realm of rebirth — as being quiet in nature. And so forth as extensively set forth."
Explanation: "Traversing the worldly path" refers precisely to the six practices. Since it already says "all four types cultivate [them]," it is thus known that [the six practices] are common to ordinary persons, practitioners of the two vehicles (*dviyāna*), and bodhisattvas. However, among bodhisattvas, most are pre-ground (*pūrva-bhūmi*, before the first ground). Bodhisattvas of the ten grounds (*daśabhūmi*) do not aspire upward and feel aversion downward. This is because they take rebirth [intentionally].
Regarding "The *Bhūmi* chapter explains, up to 'not used as superior' ": "The *Bhūmi* chapter explains that bodhisattvas of the first *kalpa*, etc." — this points to the text from fascicle thirty-three cited above. That text, in explaining that the four types cultivate the six practices, says: "Fourth, all bodhisattvas who aspire to realize great bodhi in a future life, not in the present one — and so forth, saying: first observing the desire realm as □ in nature, [and] the first meditation — whether as a state of meditation or as a realm of rebirth — as being quiet in nature."
Explanation: "All bodhisattvas" refers precisely to the bodhisattvas of the first *kalpa* in the provisioning stage (*sambhāra-mārga*), such as the bodhisattva Vipaśyanā and the like. The intent of the author of the present chapter is to cite the text by meaning rather than following it literally. However, "those who have long cultivated, etc." —
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bodhisattvas at the stage of cultivating the discernment portion (*nirvedha-bhāgīya*), etc., already do not eliminate afflictions, yet are born in the upper realms. Therefore they do not use [the six practices] as superior. What is now called "elimination" means suppressive elimination (*fuṣa-prahāṇa*, i.e., temporary suppression). Because [they] have not yet obtained the uncontaminated [wisdom]. Another interpretation: "those who have long cultivated" refers to bodhisattvas who have long resolved (*praṇidhāna*) [to seek bodhi] and have already obtained the uncontaminated [wisdom] and ascended to the grounds (*bhūmi*). Since it already says "[they] do not eliminate afflictions yet are born in the upper realms," if they have not ascended to the grounds, how could it be said that they eliminate [afflictions]? This serves as further evidence for the above statement that "bodhisattvas of the ten grounds do not use the six practices," thereby explaining and establishing the intent of the *Bhūmi* chapter. Regarding the phrase "not used as superior": a certain person transmits [the view]: "There are two explanations here. One says: bodhisattvas who have long cultivated practice the uncontaminated wisdom as their superior practice, and do not use the six practices as superior. Another says: within the text above, below 'common to ordinary persons and noble persons,' there should properly be two explanations. One explanation says that the six practices exist only within the two vehicles and are not common to bodhisattvas — that is to say, [the passage] from 'common to ordinary persons and noble persons' to 'because of taking rebirth' is this [explanation]. The other explanation says that the six practices are not used only by the two vehicles but are also common to bodhisattvas — that is to say, [the passage] from 'the *Bhūmi* chapter explains' to 'because of being born in the upper realms' is this [explanation]. Within these two explanations, since bodhisattvas of the ten grounds do not use the six practices — and use this as [what is] superior — it is called 'not used as superior.'" The present author says: That is not so. Below "the *Bhūmi* chapter explains, etc." serves as evidence for the above intent and is not a separate master's explanation, because the textual structure (*wén-xiāng*) is such.
Regarding "However, in the *Yogācārabhūmi*, up to 'the two vehicles also use [them]' ": This is a reconciliation [of apparent contradictions].
Question: The suppression of afflictions by means of the six practices is common to both ordinary persons and noble persons. Why, then, does *Yogācārabhūmi* fascicle sixty-nine say that noble persons do not use the six practices?
Therefore the present [text] reconciles [this] by saying: the intent of fascicle sixty-nine speaks according to the most common case (*bahula-vacana*). Speaking in terms of actual principle, ordinary persons and noble persons equally use [the six practices]. The *Zuan* (*Weishi yizhang*) says: "Examining fascicle sixty-nine —" 〔Interlinear note: The head-master (*tóu-shī*, i.e., a certain named master) says: the text of fascicle sixty-nine makes it clear that noble persons also use the six practices. Even though [the practices] are both mundane and supramundane, it cannot be said that they are not [instances of] the six practices. The character *bù* (不, 'not') in the chapter's text is a copying error and should be made into the character *yì* (亦, 'also'), so it is said.〕