英語訳
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One hundred and two
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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror — Eliminating Obstacles Chapter
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One hundred and two
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(The *Zuan* [*Weishi yizhang*] says:) "Noble persons, using the various worldly wisdoms (*laukika-jñāna*) obtained after their supramundane wisdom (*lokottara-jñāna*), at the time of separating from desires — one should know that this is the same as the separation from desire performed by those who are not on the noble path (*āryamārga*). It is merely capable of damaging and suppressing the seeds of afflictions (*kleśa-bīja*) and does not refer to permanent elimination (*samuccheda-prahāṇa*). This worldly wisdom is obtained after supramundane wisdom; therefore one should say that this wisdom is both worldly and supramundane, and one should not characterize it one-sidedly as worldly. Since it already says 'the same as the separation from desire of a non-noble person,' one cannot say that [noble persons] do not use those six practices (*ṣaḍ-ākāra*) for separation from desire. However, these six practices are of the subsequently-obtained [wisdom] (*pṛṣṭha-labdha-jñāna*) following supramundane [wisdom], and should not be characterized one-sidedly as worldly. This has the same meaning as the *Bhūmi* chapter passage cited earlier, which says that noble persons in the learner stage (*śaikṣa*) cultivate the path of separation from desire and contemplate the coarse, the calm, and so forth. However, as for citing fascicle sixty-nine to say that noble persons do not use the six practices, it is unclear what passage is being cited."
Regarding "The thirty-six practices, up to 'not obtained by ordinary persons' ": "Also, only suppression, not elimination, etc." — Within the phenomenal seeing path (*lakṣaṇa-darśana-mārga*, i.e., the *xiāng jiàndào*), one takes the established truths (*prajñapti-satya*, the *ānulomika* truths as conceptually articulated) as object and arouses these sixteen [aspects]. Within the true seeing path (*darśana-mārga*), one takes only the non-established [truths] (*aprajñapti*) as object; therefore the sixteen do not arise. Within the preparatory path (*prayoga-mārga*), although one cultivates the sixteen, they constitute a preparatory practice (*prayoga*) and are not the correct genuine contemplation. From this it is clearly known that these sixteen practices are only suppressive and not eliminative.
The *Zuan* (*Weishi yizhang*) says: "Since it is already admitted that the three liberation gates (*tri-vimokṣa-mukha*) are all common to the sixteen practices, these sixteen practices do not merely take the established [truths] as their object. This is because [the sixteen] are divided by meaning within one moment of correct contemplation (*samyak-samādhi*). The *Abhidharmasamuccaya* says: '[Note: "Purifying" (*jìng*) in one edition is written as "remedying" (*zhì*)] As for purifying the object of afflictions, this means: the coarse nature of the lower ground, the calm nature of the upper ground, true-suchness (*tathatā*), and the four noble truths. The coarse nature of the lower ground and the calm nature of the upper ground are explained according to the worldly path (*laukika-mārga*). By this, the manifest afflictions (*paryavasthāna*) are controlled and suppressed. True-suchness and the four truths are explained according to the supramundane path (*lokottara-mārga*). Because it is condensed, [it is expressed as] true-suchness; because it is extensive, [it is expressed as] the four truths. By this, the latent tendencies (*anuśaya*) are permanently destroyed.'
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Since [the text] already says that by taking the four truths as object, the latent tendencies are permanently destroyed, it is therefore known that the sixteen are also capable of direct elimination (*samuccheda-prahāṇa*). This directly refutes the author's text stating that [the sixteen] only suppress and do not eliminate."
Now, in rescuing [the author's position], [the text] says that "only suppressive, not eliminative" is stated on the basis of the preparatory-stage (*prayoga-avasthā*) suppression of afflictions of the seeing path (*darśana-kleśa*). The sixteen aspects arising within the phenomenal seeing path are not even capable of suppressing the afflictions of the seeing path — how much less could they eliminate the afflictions of the seeing path! Hence [the *Vijñaptimātratāsiddhi*] fascicle ten says: "Those obstacles' current manifestation is already suppressed before the [first] ground." And fascicle nine says: "[The afflictions that are] discriminatorily-based latent tendencies (*vikalpaja-anuśaya*) have already been eliminated in the true [seeing path]." Therefore, if [the afflictions are] those confused about [specific] objects (*viṣaya-moha-kleśa*), then by means of the sixteen practices one can also eliminate them. Hence fascicle ten of the treatise (*Vijñaptimātratāsiddhi*) says: "The subsequently-obtained non-discriminating wisdom (*pṛṣṭha-labdha-nirvikalpaka-jñāna*) is also capable of permanently eliminating the latent tendencies confused about [specific] objects." The intent of the *Abhidharmasamuccaya* is to speak of elimination on the basis of this. The present author's intent is based on the suppression of afflictions of the seeing path; therefore [the two positions] do not contradict each other.
Question: If bodhisattvas who have long cultivated do not use the six practices, how can they suppress the afflictions of the lower ground and thereby be born in the form realm?
Answer: Although they do not use the six practices, by the power of uncontaminated wisdom (*anāsrava-jñāna*) they suppress the afflictions of the lower ground and are born in the upper form realm. However, they are not born in the formless realm, because there is no benefit [in doing so].
Regarding "However, the *Buddha-nature Treatise* (*Foxing lun*), up to 'reconciliation is not required' ": This is the text from the Chapter on Non-transformation (*anavikāra*) in fascicle four of the *Buddha-nature Treatise* (*Foxing lun*). That chapter says: "In balanced contemplation (*samacittatā*) there are the sharp-faculties type and the dull-faculties type. If one is a person of sharp faculties, within a single moment one equally contemplates the four truths and cuts off all eighty-eight afflictions simultaneously — all of this is called 'seeing the truth' (*dṛṣṭi-satya*, i.e., *darśana-mārga*). If one is a person of dull faculties who uses sequential contemplation, one contemplates suffering in the first moment and does not see the remaining three truths; one merely eliminates [the afflictions] below the truth of suffering and calls this 'seeing the truth.' The remainder that has not yet been eliminated all belongs to reflection (*cintā*, i.e., the cultivation path). This is called 'seeing the truth and taking cessation.'"
Explanation: "Reflection" (*cintā*) refers to afflictions of the cultivation path (*bhāvanā-kleśa*). "Eighty-eight fetters" (*aśīti-aṣṭa-saṃyojana*) refers to afflictions of the seeing path (*darśana-kleśa*). However, the fundamental afflictions (*mūla-kleśa*) differ according to the traditions of the Mahāyāna and Hīnayāna schools. According to Mahāyāna: afflictions of the seeing path number one hundred and twelve, afflictions of the cultivation path number sixteen, totaling one hundred and twenty-eight. Below the four truths of the desire realm, there are ten afflictions each. For the four truths of the upper realms [i.e., form and formless], excluding hatred (*dveṣa*), there are nine each. Combined with the former [desire realm], the total is one hundred and twelve. The afflictions of the cultivation path of the desire realm number six: namely, greed (*rāga*), hatred (*dveṣa*), conceit (*māna*), ignorance (*avidyā*), the view of self (*ātma-dṛṣṭi*, *satkāya-dṛṣṭi*), and the view of extremes (*antagrāha-dṛṣṭi*). The cultivation-path afflictions of the upper two realms [form and formless] are five each, excluding hatred, totaling one hundred and twenty-eight. This is as explained in the *Xianyang lun* (*Abhidharmasamuccaya*) fascicle one. According to the Hīnayāna school [Note: *Abhidharmakośa* fascicle nineteen (folio four, recto)]: the afflictions of the seeing path number eighty-eight; the afflictions of the cultivation path number only ten; together forming the ninety-eight latent tendencies (*anuśaya*). The eighty-eight afflictions of the seeing path are as follows: below suffering (*duḥkha*) among the four truths of the desire realm, there are ten latent tendencies: (1) the view of self (*satkāya-dṛṣṭi*), (2) the view of extremes (*antagrāha-dṛṣṭi*), (3) wrong views (*mithyā-dṛṣṭi*), (4) view-clinging (*dṛṣṭi-parāmarśa*), (5) precept-clinging (*śīla-vrata-parāmarśa*), (6) greed (*rāga*), (7) hatred (*dveṣa*), (8) conceit (*māna*), (9) doubt (*vicikitsā*), (10) ignorance (*avidyā*). Below origination (*samudaya*), seven latent tendencies: (1) wrong views, (2) view-clinging, (3) greed, (4) hatred, (5) conceit, (6) doubt, (7) ignorance. Below cessation (*nirodha*), also seven, the same as the seven below origination. Below the path (*mārga*), eight latent tendencies: seven are the same as those for origination and cessation, plus the addition of precept-clinging, making eight. Together, [the desire realm] has thirty-two. Among the four truths of the form realm, below suffering, nine latent tendencies — from the ten, hatred is excluded; the remainder is as explained above. Below origination, six latent tendencies: (1) wrong views, (2) view-clinging, (3) greed, (4) conceit, (5) doubt, (6) ignorance. Below cessation, also six, the same as the six below origination. Below the path, seven latent tendencies — to the previous six, precept-clinging is added [making seven]. Together, [the form realm] has twenty-eight. The formless [realm] across its four truths also has twenty-eight — taking the count the same as the form realm. Below the cultivation path (*bhāvanā-mārga*) of the desire realm, there are four latent tendencies: (1) greed, (2) hatred, (3) conceit, (4) ignorance. For the form and formless realms under the cultivation path, there are three each: namely, greed, conceit, and ignorance. When the seeing-path and cultivation-path afflictions of the three realms are totaled, there are ninety-eight latent tendencies. The current text's reference to "eighty-eight fetters" mentions only the seeing-path afflictions. This is a provisional division of upper and lower [realms], etc. [This passage] is the author's own text. "Reconciliation is not required" — the *Zuan* (*Weishi yizhang*) says: "Since this is not the original text [of the scripture], reconciliation
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and commentary are not required. This interpretation is somewhat difficult. By what means can one determine whether a Sanskrit (*梵*) original [for this passage] exists or not?" The present author's intent is: Paramārtha (*Zhendi*) the Tripiṭaka master is conveying the Hīnayāna meaning; therefore reconciliation is not required. This does not mean that there is no Sanskrit original.
Regarding "The Vātsīputrīya school, up to 'no distinction is necessary' ": "First, the patience [of the dharma] regarding suffering (*duḥkha-dharma-kṣānti*) contemplates the suffering of the desire realm, etc." — Consulting the *Zonglun shu* (*Commentary on the Treatise on the Schools*), the text differs slightly from this [rendering]. That [commentary] says: "First, the knowledge of the dharma of suffering (*duḥkha-dharma-jñāna*) — this contemplates the suffering of the desire realm." The present [text] says: "The patience of the dharma of suffering contemplates the suffering of the desire realm." Furthermore, that [commentary] says: "Second, the patience of the dharma of suffering [Note: the cited treatise has 'knowledge' (*jñāna*) instead of 'patience' (*kṣānti*)], which afterward contemplates the non-elimination or elimination of the afflictions of the truth of suffering in the desire realm, etc." The present [text] says: "Second, the dharma-seeing of suffering re-contemplates whether the examination of desire-realm suffering is complete or incomplete." The third — the inferential knowledge of suffering (*duḥkha-anvaya-jñāna*) — is the same in both. The [respective texts] are turned around (*翻*) against each other in this way, and the reason [for the discrepancy] is not clear. "*Kṣānti* (patience)," "*jñāna* (knowledge)," and "*dṛṣṭi* (seeing/view)" are all alternative names for wisdom (*prajñā*). Is it because of this that [the terms] substitute for each other?
Regarding "Seventh, relying on grades (*bhūmi*), up to 'elimination is also [divided into] nine grades' ": Below, in explaining the number of grades, there are the views of three masters, all of them ancient explanations. The intent of the first master: there are no distinct grades. If one contemplates falsity (*mithyā*) through the true (*tattva*), there is no falsity to remove. Elimination itself is hard to achieve — how much less could there be grades? The intent of the second master: the number of grades is limitless. Throughout the three great *kalpas*, moment by moment wisdom arises, and instant by instant all afflictions are destroyed. The *Chengshi lun* (*Satyasiddhi-śāstra*) [Note: *Chengshi lun* fascicle twelve (folio fifteen, recto)] also says: "Not eight, not nine — with boundless mind, all afflictions are eliminated, etc." As for these two masters above, it is not clear [to them] that the afflictions of the noble path (*āryamārga*) also [have] nine grades, and that one uses the lowest-lowest path (*adhamādhamaḥ-mārga*) to treat the highest-highest fetter (*paramaparamaḥ-saṃyojana*). The old *Shelun* (*Mahāyānasaṃgraha* translation) [Note: there is no such text in the old [translation]; perhaps it refers to Asvabhāva's commentary, fascicle three (folio eleven)?] says: "When the lowest grade of *śruta-vāsanā* (habituation through hearing [the Dharma]) arises, it is capable of counteracting the highest grade of the fundamental consciousness (*mūlavijñāna*). And so forth: when the highest grade of *śruta-vāsanā* arises, it is capable of counteracting the lowest grade of the fundamental consciousness." Therefore it is known that both the counteracting agent (*pratipakṣa*) and what is to be counteracted (*pratipakṣya*) each have nine grades. The details are as in that chapter.