英語訳
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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror — Eliminating Obstacles Chapter
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Regarding "The text 'Now this is not so,' up to 'because coarse and fine differ' ": The various eminent masters of the past, though they each offered different explanations, did not distinguish between the seeing path (*darśana-mārga*) and the cultivation path (*bhāvanā-mārga*) or among the various consciousnesses (*vijñāna*). For this reason their interpretations were also not exhaustive. Hence the text says "Now this is not so." "Within the seventh consciousness there are afflictive obstructions, etc." — what follows sets out the correct interpretation. The text now explains the principle by which obstructions are eliminated in the cultivation path. The reason why the types of afflictions (*kleśa*) that arise through confusion about objects (*viṣaya*) are manifold is that, in accordance with the coarseness and fineness of the objects, the afflictions are similarly varied. Among these, the text first states below "the types and categories of the initial obstruction" and then "distinguishing the sudden and gradual [nature] of elimination." In the former part, it first correctly determines the number of grades; then from "the elimination of the six innate afflictions is accordingly not the same" onward, it extensively determines the number of grades of obstructions and briefly indicates the sudden and gradual [nature] of elimination. This passage is the first [of these two parts]. "Forming eighty-one" clarifies the number of grades of cultivation-path afflictions (*bhāvanā-kleśa*). "Because coarse and fine differ" indicates the number of grades of seeing-path afflictions (*darśana-kleśa*). Coarse and fine (*麤細*, *sthūla-sūkṣma*) have two senses: first, coarse and fine according to type, which is explained with reference to the nine grades; second, coarse and fine according to difficulty [of elimination], which is explained with reference to the three mental states (*tri-citta*). If based on type, what is first eliminated is called "coarse." If based on difficulty, what is eliminated first is called "fine." Here there are three propositions: there are [afflictions] that are difficult to eliminate but are not called "fine" — namely the second and third grades among the three mental states; there are [afflictions] called "fine" but that are not difficult to eliminate — namely the initial and middle grades among the three mental states; there are [afflictions] called "fine" [Note: The text "*Yao* upper, final fascicle, folio nine, 'named fine, above'" is from *Shùjì* (*Vijñaptimātratā-siddhi* Commentary), fascicle one, final section, folio fourteen recto.] and also difficult to eliminate — such as the lowest-lowest (*adhamādhama*) grade among the nine grades. Furthermore, one may also divide coarse and fine according to the counteracting agent (*pratipakṣa*, the ability to counteract) and what is counteracted (*pratipakṣya*). Within the nine grades, each is called "fine" according to the aspect (*ākāra*) of what is counteracted. Within the three mental states, [what is called] "fine" is named according to the aspect of the counteracting agent. The ten afflictions of the seeing path, each according to its appropriate [classification], have two [kinds of] coarse and fine. Hence there are nine grades.
Regarding "The text 'The six innate afflictions,' up to 'because each ground has nine' ": This is the latter [part], which extensively determines the number of grades of obstructions and briefly indicates the sudden and gradual [nature] of elimination. "The six innate (*sahaja*) afflictions, etc." — Among the ten afflictions (*daśa-kleśa*), the seeing-path afflictions number ten. The cultivation-path
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afflictions number only six — the remaining six afflictions after excluding doubt (*vicikitsā*) and the latter three views [wrong views (*mithyā-dṛṣṭi*), view-clinging (*dṛṣṭi-parāmarśa*), and precept-clinging (*śīla-vrata-parāmarśa*)]. Hence the text says "the six innate afflictions." Although the elimination of these six innate afflictions is not uniform — that is, the view of self (*satkāya-dṛṣṭi*) and the view of extremes (*antagrāha-dṛṣṭi*), and the pride (*mada*) and conceit (*māna*) associated with them, are eliminated only at the ninth grade, while greed, conceit, and delusion (*rāga*, *māna*, *moha*) that arise independently (*独頭*, without being accompanied by self-view) are eliminated grade by grade — their grades are still each definitively nine. Taking seeing-path and cultivation-path afflictions together: among the ten afflictions, hatred (*dveṣa*) [exists in only] one ground with nine [grades]; the remaining nine [afflictions] have nine [grades] each across each ground, forming together eighty-one grades.
Question: On what basis can one know that, apart from the afflictions arising together with self-view (*ātma-dṛṣṭi*), there additionally exist independently-arising (*独頭*) greed (*rāga*) and the like?
Answer: The commentary (*shu*), fascicle eight, quotes the *Pratītyasamutpāda-sūtra* (upper fascicle) saying: "If a dharma is morally indeterminate and covered [by affliction] (*sāvaraṇā-avyākṛta*, *有覆無記*) in the desire realm and has no superior efficacy (*śakti*) in initiating the various activities (*saṃskāra*)." By means of this passage, as proof — apart from the dharmas that arise together with self-view, there also exist independently-arising love (*愛*, *tṛṣṇā*) and the like that are morally indeterminate, and these take future existence (*後有*, *punarbhava*) as their object, giving rise to love that nourishes rebirth (*愛*, *tṛṣṇā*). Furthermore, the commentary fascicle ten says: "The discriminatorily-arisen self-view and the like within the sixth consciousness are called 'highest grade'; the independently-arising greed and the like within the sixth consciousness are called 'middle grade,' because they pervade the unwholesome [moral category]." From these two passages it is known that independently-arising greed and the like pervade both the unwholesome and the morally indeterminate (*avyākṛta*) [moral categories].
Regarding "The text 'Within the seventh consciousness,' up to 'its own class also has nine' ": The commentary [Note: both fascicle five, main section (folio seventy-nine, left) and fascicle three, main section (folio twenty-four, right)] fascicle five presents these two explanations. The intent of the first master is: the defiled dharmas of the seventh consciousness (*manas*), when viewed comparatively across the three realms, have nine grades; however, within each ground they belong to the lowest grade and therefore are subsumed under the ninth grade. The reason for this is that the afflictions of this seventh consciousness do not have nine grades within their own ground, and they resemble the ninth-grade self-view within the sixth consciousness of the same ground. At the time of the diamond-like concentration (*vajropama-samādhi*, *金剛心*), together with the ninth grade [afflictions] of the realm of neither-perception-nor-non-perception (*naivasaṃjñānāsaṃjñāyatana*, the highest meditative realm), they are all suddenly (*頓*) eliminated at one time;
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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror — Eliminating Obstacles Chapter
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therefore, within the nine grades of one's own ground, each is subsumed under the ninth grade. This ninth grade within its own class also [is divided into] nine [sub-grades]. And so forth — one should likewise understand this to be the case for the realm of neither-perception-nor-non-perception (*naivasaṃjñānāsaṃjñāyatana*). Hence the text says: "The nine grounds are all alike in the category of the ninth grade of neither-perception-nor-non-perception."
Question: The seventh consciousness of those with [buddha-]nature (*有性*, *sa-gotra*) — when it reaches the uncontaminated (*anāsrava*) stage, it has increase and decrease; therefore it should be a capable imprinter (*能熏*, *vāsanā-kāraka*). The seventh consciousness of those without [buddha-]nature (*無性*, *agotra*) ultimately has no occasion of shifting or changing. Since it already lacks the third [condition for capable imprinting], namely "the principle of increase and decrease," it should not be a capable imprinter — should it not?
Answer: There are two interpretations. First interpretation: Since beginningless time, the aspect (*行相*, *ākāra*) has been operating darkly, and moment by moment the manifest [activity] (*現行*, *samudācāra*) and seeds (*種子*, *bīja*) have been increasing. This is like how, upon entering the noble [path] through non-discriminating wisdom (*nirvikalpaka-jñāna*), [wisdom] gradually becomes brighter. However, [this interpretation] is extremely difficult. The reason it is difficult to understand is: if the noble wisdom (*āryajñāna*) gradually increases until it fully arrives at buddhahood, then, as for the seventh consciousness of those without [buddha-]nature, even if one exhausts the far reaches of the future, what grade would it ever attain?
Second interpretation: When [beings] are born in higher or lower [realms], the coarse and fine [nature] of what is bound to that ground has increase and decrease; it is for this reason that [the seventh consciousness] is a capable imprinter. There is also a separate interpretation, as explained in commentary fascicle five.
Regarding "The text 'Like the intensified wrong view (*增上邪見*),' up to 'therefore it constitutes a capable imprinter' ": This passage presents an analogy to establish the interpretation. Just as the wrong view that cuts off wholesome roots (*斷善邪見*, *kuśala-mūla-samuccheda-mithyā-dṛṣṭi*) belongs only to the ninth grade and yet functions in nine grades capable of severing wholesome roots — so too with the afflictions of this seventh consciousness: one should know it is likewise the case, for within one grade [nine] sub-grades are distinguished.
Question: How can one know that the wrong view that cuts off wholesome roots belongs only to the ninth grade yet also functions in nine grades to sever wholesome roots?
Answer: The *Mahāvibhāṣā* (*婆娑論*, the *Abhidharmamahāvibhāṣā-śāstra*) fascicle thirty-five explains: Among the four kinds of nine grades, what is called "nine grades of counteraction (*對治九品*)" means: the lowest-lowest grade of clarity (*明*, wisdom/knowledge as the antidote of *avidyā*) counteracts the highest-highest grade of ignorance (*avidyā*), and so forth, up to: the highest-highest grade of clarity counteracts the lowest-lowest grade of ignorance. "The nine grades of cutting off wholesome roots (*斷善九品*)" means: the lowest-lowest grade of wrong view cuts off the highest-highest grade of wholesome [roots], and so forth, up to the upper
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most-highest grade of wrong view cuts off the lowest-lowest grade of wholesome [roots]. If one uses the explanation of "nine grades of cutting off wholesome roots," then wrong view accordingly has nine grades. If one uses the explanation of "nine grades of counteraction," then wrong view is accordingly only one grade — because it counteracts nine grades [of wrong action with a single act of wrong view].
The *Abhidharmakośa* (*俱舎論*) fascicle seventeen likewise interprets [this] in the same way, saying: "The wrong view that cuts off wholesome roots is subsumed under the object of counteraction (*所治*, *pratipakṣya*) within the nine grades of counteraction, specifically the lowest-lowest grade; therefore it belongs only to the ninth grade, yet is nonetheless able to function as nine grades in severing wholesome roots."
Question: When [the text] says "cutting off wholesome [roots]," does it mean cutting off the manifest activity (*現行*, *samudācāra*) of wholesome [dharmas], or cutting off the seeds (*種子*, *bīja*) of wholesome [dharmas]?
Answer: Because of the power of the wrong view that slanders (*謗*, *abhyākhyāna*) cause and effect, it obstructs the manifest activity (*現行*) produced by the seeds of congenitally-good (*生得善*, *prākṛtika-kuśala*) [dharmas], causing them not to continue (*saṃtāna*). This is called "severing the wholesome root (*kuśalamūla-samuccheda*)"; hence only the manifest [activity] is severed, not the seeds. This principle of severing wholesome roots is as explained in *Mahāvibhāṣā* fascicle thirty-five, *Abhidharmakośa* fascicle seventeen, *Yogācārabhūmi-śāstra* (*瑜伽師地論*) [Note: *Yogācārabhūmi* fascicle one (folio twelve, left); *Abhidharmasamuccaya* (folio fourteen, right), etc.] and other texts.
Regarding "The text 'One view holds: [in the case of] the nine grounds, up to having completed [eliminating] the number of grades' ": The *Zuan* (*Weishi yizhang*) interprets this master's intent saying: "Within the nine grounds, each has nine grades. Dividing finely, [the total] would become eighty-one grades. Why does [the text] not say 'each of the nine grounds has nine grades,' but rather says 'each has one grade'?"
Answer: Although there are nine grades, because the number of grades is the same [across all nine grounds], and because their coarseness and fineness is the same as that of the lowest-lowest grade afflictions of the topmost ground (*有頂地*, the realm of neither-perception-nor-non-perception, *bhavāgra*), the text says "each has one grade." In [strict] principle, it would be correct to say "each has nine grades." The afflictions of these eighty-one grades all have the same potency as the lowest-lowest grade afflictions of neither-perception-nor-non-perception (*naivasaṃjñānāsaṃjñāyatana*); therefore, in the moment of the diamond-like concentration (*vajropama-samādhi*), they are all suddenly eliminated at once (*頓斷*).
However, with respect to these two interpretations, the commentary fascicle five renders a judgment, saying "the former interpretation is superior." In the present chapter, however, no judgment is rendered as to which is superior.