英語訳
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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror — Eliminating Obstacles Chapter
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Regarding "The text 'One should distinguish and explain,' up to 'the mental seeing path, etc.' ": Below this, the text sets out the sudden and gradual [nature] of elimination. [The terms] "one mind," "three minds," etc. are explained [as follows]. The seeing path (*darśana-mārga*) has two [aspects]. First, the genuine seeing path (*眞見道*, *bhūta-darśana-mārga*), whose essence departs from the dust of delusion [regarding objects] and directly realizes the principle (*tattva*, *理*, true suchness), actually being able to eliminate obstructions. Hence it is called "genuine (*眞*)." Another interpretation: "genuine (*眞*)" is the principle (true suchness), and "seeing (*見*)" is the aspect (*相*, *nimitta*). [Note: "相入道" appears in the text; the anthology reads "智" (*jñāna*).] Because it is the wisdom that realizes the genuine [principle], it is called "genuine seeing (*眞見*)." In explaining this elimination and realization, the treatise presents two views. According to one view, within this [genuine seeing path], the two forms of emptiness (*二空*, the emptiness of persons and the emptiness of dharmas) and the two obstructions (*二障*, afflictive obstruction and cognitive obstruction) are gradually realized and gradually eliminated — because there exist differences of shallow and deep, coarse and fine. This [view] takes three minds (*三心*) as the genuine seeing path; outside the three minds there is no separate single mind. According to another view, within this [genuine seeing path], the two forms of emptiness and the two obstructions are suddenly realized and suddenly eliminated, because the power of the aspirational mind (*意楽*, *āśaya*) possesses sufficient capability (*堪能*, *kṣama*). This [view] takes a single mind (*一心*) as the genuine seeing path. Second is the resemblance seeing path (*相見道*, *pratirūpaka-darśana-mārga*), where "resemblance (*相*)" means "analogous and similar." It arises after the genuine seeing path, and outside of this practice (*行*) [Note: "外" in one manuscript is written as "解"], it modulates itself in accordance with and imitates the functional capacity of the genuine seeing [path], but cannot realize the principle or eliminate obstructions. Because it resembles (*類似*) the genuine [seeing path], it is called "resemblance seeing (*相見*)." This again has two [components]. First, [there is the case of] contemplating the non-established truth (*非安立諦*, *anabhisaṃskṛta-satya*), which has three grades of mind — namely the three [minds] beginning with the wisdom that inwardly dispels the conceptual construction of sentient beings (*内遣有情仮縁智*). Second, [there is the case of] contemplating the established truth (*安立諦*, *abhisaṃskṛta-satya*), which has sixteen minds — namely the sixteen [minds] beginning with the patience of the wisdom of the suffering [truth] (*苦法智忍*, *duḥkha-dharma-jñāna-kṣānti*). Within the former three minds, there are also two views. One view says: these three [minds] constitute genuine seeing [path], because the resemblance seeing path takes the four noble truths (*四諦*) as its object. The other view says: these three [minds] constitute the resemblance seeing [path], because the genuine seeing path [Note: one manuscript lacks the twelve characters from "以眞" onward] does not separately take [a specific object]. Whether this three-mind seeing path is common to the two vehicles (*二乗*, *dviyāna*) or not — one view says it is only for the bodhisattva; another view says it is common to the two vehicles. The three minds eliminate only the grasping at selfhood (*生執*, *janma-grāha*): because in the first mind the self apart from the aggregates (*離蘊我*, *skandha-vyatireka-ātman*) is expelled, in the second mind the self identical with the aggregates (*即蘊我*, *skandhātmaka-ātman*) is expelled, and in the third mind the two kinds of coarse habitual tendencies (*二麤重*, *dauṣṭhulya*) are abandoned — and so the three minds are established.
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Furthermore, the Nālandā Monastery master Dharmaprajñā (*那蘭陀寺海慧論師*) [Note: "又那等下" refers to the text of *Jiā-chāo* fascicle fourteen (folio forty-seven, left) and *Zhèng-lùn* fascicle fifteen, upper (folio thirty-two, left)] interprets these three minds as follows: [The three minds belong] not only to the bodhisattva's seeing path but also to the two vehicles. Why? First, by specifically contemplating the selflessness (*anātman*) that is above dharmas, performing the contemplation of the act of no-self (*無我行観*), this is called "expelling the conceptual construction of sentient beings (*有情仮*)." Next, by performing the contemplation of emptiness (*空行*), expelling the conceptual construction of dharmas (*法仮*) that belong to self, removing the grasping at "mine" (*我所*, *mamakāra*) — this is called "the second: expelling the conceptual construction of dharmas (*法仮*)." The third conceptual construction (*仮*) consists of "self" (*我*) and "dharmas belonging to self" — one again contemplates self (*我*) and what is mine (*我所*), being empty at the lower grade, and this is called "universally expelling the two conceptual constructions (*二仮*)." However, at present the view that [this applies to] only the Mahāyāna is taken as superior, as stated in Master Kuiji's (*基法師*) commentary on the *Yogācārabhūmi* (*伽抄*). Those who accept the three minds as genuine [seeing path] — this is truly [saying that obstructions are] eliminated sequentially before and after. Those who take the three minds as resemblance [seeing path] — this is conventional (*仮*) and not real. Now then, "one-grade elimination" (*一品斷*) means: although discriminative two obstructions (*分別二障*) have nine grades, within the genuine seeing path they are eliminated as one grade suddenly; hence they are called "one-grade elimination." "Two-grade elimination" (*二品斷*) means: regarding the grasping at self (*我執*, *ātma-grāha*), the first single mind eliminates the first grade of self-grasping, and within the third mind the second grade of self-grasping is eliminated — there are only lower and upper [grades], without a middle grade; hence it is called "two-grade elimination." The same applies to dharma-grasping (*法執*, *dharma-grāha*): the second mind eliminates the first grade of dharma-grasping, and within the third mind the second grade of dharma-grasping is eliminated; hence it is called "two-grade elimination." However, that which is said to have the middle grade eliminated in the first mind is called "middle grade (*中品*)" relative to the preceding self-grasping, and it is also called "middle grade" based on the counteracting path (*能治道*). Just as what is actually called the first grade (*初品*) is named "mild (*輭*)" with reference to the counteracting path — if based on the body of the affliction (*惑体*) itself, it is the highest grade (*上品*).
Regarding "The text 'Only the uncontaminated correct [path],' up to 'adjacent conceit (*隣近憍慢*)' ": That the contaminated (*有漏*, *sāsrava*) paths do not suppress (*伏*, *paryavasthāna*) the seeing[-path] afflictions refers to the six-act wisdom (*六行智*, *ṣaṭ-kāraṇa-jñāna*) and the like, not to the applied-effort wisdom (*加行智*, *prayoga-jñāna*). "As the *Yogācārabhūmi-śāstra* says, etc." refers to the *Yogācārabhūmi-śāstra* fascicle fifty-
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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror — Eliminating Obstacles Chapter
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eight, which states that "the mundane path (*世間道*, *laukika-mārga*) suppresses only the innate (*sahaja*) love (*愛*, *tṛṣṇā*), hatred (*恚*, *dveṣa*), and adjacent conceit (*隣近憍慢*)," without saying that it is "capable of suppressing discriminative afflictions (*分別煩悩*)." This is stated based on ordinary beings (*異生*, *pṛthagjana*) and the two vehicles, etc. As for the bodhisattva of direct advancement (*直往菩薩*), the manifest arising (*現起*) of those obstructions is already suppressed before the grounds (*地前*).
Regarding "The text 'This relies on the six acts (*六行*),' up to 'because [their] power does not function' ": "This relies on the six acts, etc." — The meaning of the *Yogācārabhūmi-śāstra* fascicle fifty-eight is that relying on the six acts and the like, [the mundane path] is unable to suppress [discriminative afflictions]. If it is applied-effort wisdom, it is also capable of suppressing them. "Before the grounds of the bodhisattva, the manifest arising of discriminative [afflictions] is also suppressed and does not arise" — seeing-path afflictions and the like have two [types]: first, those that arise from one's own discrimination (*自分別*); second, those that arise based on the teaching of an evil teacher (*邪師敎*). When the text says "suppressed and does not arise," this is based on [afflictions arising from] one's own discrimination. If they arise due to an evil teaching, they have not yet been suppressed. The fourth-stage dwelling bodhisattva (*第四住菩薩*) of the *Avataṃsaka Sūtra* [Note: The commentary (*shu*), fascicle ten, final section (folios three and eight, right), cites the *Avataṃsaka*] "[who] has permanently departed from the afflictions of the three realms, etc." — this is based on [afflictions] arising through one's own power (*自力*), and saying it in this way [does not] conflict with the above.
Regarding "The text 'The division within the six consciousnesses,' up to 'as explained in the lower [fascicle of the] *Shūyō* (*枢要*)' ": "One-grade elimination, etc." — as explained above. "Which of the nine grades is eliminated first, etc." — concerning which among the discriminative nine grades is eliminated first and which last: [One view holds that] those arising from wrong thinking (*邪思*, erroneous personal reasoning) are eliminated first, and those arising from wrong teaching (*邪教*, teaching of evil teachers) are eliminated later. There is also the reverse of this explanation: analogous to the continuation (*相続*) of wholesome roots, those arising from wrong teaching are continued first because their force is weak; those arising from wrong thinking are continued later because their force is firm and strong. Another interpretation: computation [of self] apart from the aggregates (*離蘊計*, *skandha-vyatireka-ātman-parikalpa*) is eliminated first, because it is coarse; computation [of self] identical with the aggregates (*即蘊計*, *skandhātmaka-ātman-parikalpa*) is eliminated later, because it is subtle. Another interpretation: [the order] is indeterminate — each ground has coarse and fine [afflictions]; the coarse are removed first, the fine are eliminated later. "As explained in the lower [fascicle of the] *Shūyō* (*枢要*) on treatise fascicle nine (*論第九*)" — this sentence seems to point to the passage in the lower fascicle of the *Shūyō* (*掌中枢要*, *Zhǎngzhōng Shūyào*) that explains "treatise fascicle nine (*論第九*)." However, upon examining the
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passage in the lower [fascicle] of the *Shūyō* that explains "treatise fascicle nine," no such text is to be found there at all. Only in the passage on "treatise fascicle ten" does [the *Shūyō*] actually explain the sequential order of elimination. Based on this, the passage should be read as: "like treatise fascicle nine and what the lower [fascicle of the] *Shūyō* [Note: *Shūyō*, lower fascicle, section three (folios four and five, left), citing the *Chéng Wéishí Lùn* (*成唯識論*), fascicle nine (folio thirteen, right)] explains." The reason [for reading it this way] is that treatise fascicle nine explains "one-grade elimination, etc., one-mind and three-minds, etc.," and also the lower fascicle of the *Shūyō* in explaining "treatise fascicle ten" sets out "the sequential order of elimination of the nine grades of discriminative [afflictions]." The text there says: "Now, the two obstructions — cognitive (*所知*, *jñeyāvaraṇa*) and afflictive (*煩惱*, *kleśāvaraṇa*) — are each divided into two. How are they divided into two? If [one proceeds] by the nine grades, the coarser grades are eliminated first — that is, in the cultivation path (*bhāvanā-mārga*) of the ten bodhisattva grounds, one should eliminate the coarser [afflictions] first. If [one proceeds] by discerning coarse and fine according to the obstructed path, [the order of the] nine grounds is indeterminate." And further: "Within the seeing path, the coarser [afflictions] arising from one's own discriminative power are eliminated first; those induced by others [i.e., by wrong teachings] are subtler and eliminated later," etc. More details are as explained there.
Regarding "The text 'Within the six consciousnesses,' up to 'each eliminated in nine grades' ": Below this, the text generally reveals the sudden and gradual [nature] of the elimination of the two obstructions. Within this there are two [parts]: first, clarifying the sudden and gradual [nature] of the elimination of afflictive obstructions (*煩惱障*, *kleśāvaraṇa*); second, the sudden and gradual [nature] of the elimination of cognitive obstructions (*所知障*, *jñeyāvaraṇa*). Within the first [part] there are also two [sub-parts]: first, explaining the six consciousnesses; second, from "within the seventh consciousness (*第七識*)" onward, explaining the seventh consciousness. Regarding the [elimination within the] six consciousnesses: first, the sudden and gradual [nature] of underlying tendencies (*随眠*, *anuśaya*) is clarified; then from "however, within the six consciousnesses (*然六識中*)" onward, the sudden and gradual [nature] of the elimination of habitual impressions (*習気*, *vāsanā*) is clarified. This is the first [of these two sub-parts]. Based on treatise fascicle ten, in generally discussing the sudden and gradual [nature] of the elimination of the two obstructions, there are three kinds: First, entirely sudden elimination (*一向頓斷*, *ekacittakṣaṇa-prahāṇa*): namely, the discriminative two obstructions within the six consciousnesses, and the afflictive and cognitive [obstructions] of the seventh consciousness — each according to its appropriate [circumstance], through the genuine seeing [path] (*眞見*, *bhūta-darśana*) of the three vehicles and through the diamond-like concentration (*金剛心*, *vajropama-samādhi*) — are all simultaneously eliminated; hence [this is called entirely sudden elimination]. Second, entirely gradual elimination (*一向漸斷*, *krameṇa-prahāṇa*): namely, the innate cognitive [obstructions] (*俱生所知*, *sahaja-jñeyāvaraṇa*) within the six consciousnesses — [which the] bodhisattva [eliminates across] the ten