英語訳
【Right Page】
【Outside frame, upper right】
One hundred and ten
【Outside frame, upper right horizontal】
Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror — Eliminating Obstacles Chapter
【Outside frame, lower right horizontal】
One hundred and ten
【Upper Section】
(Continued from the previous page) ...[the last one is the] liberation path (*解脱道*, *vimukti-mārga*). The first two [minds] eliminate the seed [of affliction], and the last one expels the habitual impressions (*習気*, *vāsanā*). [Another] view says: each of the three minds has both an uninterrupted path (*無間道*, *ānantarya-mārga*) and a liberation path (*解脱道*). Hence Master Zhizhou [Note: the lower volume of the chapter on entering the path (folio 38, right), which cites *Chéngwéishílùn* (*成唯識論*) fascicle nine (folio 28, right)] says: "Within the true seeing path (*眞見道*, *darśana-mārga*), either three moments or two moments of mind are spoken of. 'Two' refers to [the moment of] the uninterrupted path and [that of] the liberation path; 'three' refers to the uninterrupted path, liberation path, and meritorious-advance path (*勝進道*, *viśeṣa-mārga*). Hence the *Chéngwéishílùn* says: because the moments of mind for eliminating afflictions (*斷惑*) and for realizing cessation (*證滅*) are distinct [from one another, we have three minds]." Furthermore, there is yet another interpretation: all three minds are uninterrupted paths, and there should additionally be a fourth liberation path. These various views are [explained] as set forth in the separate notes (*別記*).
Regarding "The text 'Within the six consciousnesses,' up to 'hence there is no before-and-after' ": This passage thereupon clarifies the innate cognitive obstructions (*俱生所知障*, *sahaja-jñeyāvaraṇa*). "The force of the other [affliction] does not operate" means: when relying on the six-practice wisdom (*六行智*, *ṣaḍ-ākāra-jñāna*) to suppress afflictions (*煩惱*, *kleśa*), the cognitive obstructions (*所知障*, *jñeyāvaraṇa*) that accompany those afflictions can likewise be said to be suppressed. Because the force of the other affliction does not manifest (*現行*, *samudācāra*), the cognitive obstructions that accompany it also do not manifest. Hence [those cognitive obstructions] can be said to be suppressed. This does not mean that the six-practice [wisdom] is capable of suppressing cognitive obstructions; it is only that by defeating the companion [affliction], [the cognitive obstruction] does not arise of itself. "Not distinguishing coarse and subtle, etc." means: [the practitioner] does not eliminate [afflictions] in sequence, distinguishing between the coarse and subtle of [various] realms and grounds one after another. [The reason one] cannot refrain from eliminating the subtle [afflictions] of the summit of existence (*有頂*, *bhavāgra*) at the first ground and then [going back to] eliminate the coarse [afflictions] of the desire realm at the second ground is simply that [the bodhisattva] eliminates [them] in accordance with whichever [afflictions] obstruct that particular ground.
Regarding "The text 'As for the seventh consciousness,' up to 'manifest [afflictions], etc., are eliminated' ": This is the second [section], clarifying the seventh consciousness (*第七識*, *manas-vijñāna*). Those who say there are "nine grades" [hold this] because each of the nine grounds has nine grades. Those who say there are "no grades" [hold that] the afflictions of this seventh consciousness do not have nine grades within their own ground, but are similar to the ninth-grade view of self (*我見*, *ātma-dṛṣṭi*) within the sixth consciousness of their own ground. Both of these masters equally agree in saying that [these afflictions] are eliminated as a single grade, since they are permanently eliminated within the diamond-like concentration.
【Lower Section】
If one analyzes according to the ten grounds, the seventh consciousness can still give rise [to afflictions] from the eighth ground [Note: one manuscript omits the twenty characters "eighth ground, etc."] onward. This is because when the sixth consciousness enters [the realization of] person-emptiness (*生空*, *pudgala-śūnyatā*), the seventh consciousness is still defiled (*有漏*, *sāsrava*), hence it is possible for it to obstruct and arise. But when [the sixth consciousness] enters [the realization of] dharma-emptiness (*法空*, *dharma-śūnyatā*), the seventh consciousness then arises as the [wisdom of] universal equality (*平等性智*, *samatā-jñāna*), and hence does not arise simultaneously [with afflictions].
Regarding "The text 'Although [there is] the *Wúxiānglùn*,' up to 'it cannot be relied upon' ": Below, two passages are cited to reconcile the apparent contradiction. This [section addresses] the first passage — from the *Wúxiānglùn* (*無相論*, *Mahāyānasaṃgraha*). "The second grasping-consciousness (*第二執識*)" is the seventh consciousness. Among mind (*心*), intention (*意*), and consciousness (*識*), it corresponds to the second, "intention" (*意*). Hence it is called "the second." Because it constantly grasps inwardly at the self (*我*, *ātman*), it is called "grasping-consciousness." The ancient Master Jī (*基法師*, i.e., Kuiji) cites the *Wúxiānglùn* saying: "If one sees the truth — the *wán* [Note: one manuscript reads *ròu* 肉 in place of *wán* 完] — [that is, the affliction-consciousness (*煩惱識*) and its mental factors (*心法*)] obtain the supramundane path of sixteen aspects (*出世間道十六行*), [they are] ultimately extinguished. The remainder that has not yet been exhausted belongs only to [the domain of] reflection (*思惟*, i.e., the cultivation path). This is called 'the second grasping-consciousness.'"
[Commentary:] "Complete (*wán*/flesh [*ròu*]) afflictions" refers to afflictions of the seeing path (*見惑*, *darśana-heya-kleśa*). "Reflection" (*思惟*) refers to afflictions of the cultivation path (*修惑*, *bhāvanā-heya-kleśa*). Based on this passage, [someone may] raise an objection: if the afflictions of the seventh consciousness are eliminated only [in] the diamond[-like concentration], why does the *Wúxiānglùn* say they are eliminated by both seeing-path elimination and cultivation-path elimination? Therefore, [the author] now reconciles [this] saying: the text of the *Wúxiānglùn* already contradicts other treatises — namely, the masters of the *Mahāyānasaṃgraha* (*摂論*), the *Chéngwéishílùn* (*唯識*), and so forth all say that "the seventh consciousness is eliminated only by the cultivation path" — and hence [the *Wúxiānglùn*] cannot be taken as authoritative.
Regarding "The text 'The *Rénwángjīng* says,' up to 'mental habitual afflictions' ": This is the next passage, namely from the *Rénwángjīng* (*仁王経*, *Scripture of Humane Kings*), upper fascicle, the chapter on bodhisattva teaching and transformation (*菩薩教化品*). The commentary of Master Cáng (*蔵師*) [i.e., Woncheuk, 圓測] says: "Bodhisattvas of the first, second, and third grounds should contemplate the signlessness (*無相*, *animitta*) of the truth concerning form (*色諦*). Because [they] do not grasp at or cling to material dharmas (*色法*), [they] are liberated from bondage to form (*色縛*). As a matter of principle, [they] should also contemplate the birthlessness (*無生*, *anutpāda*) of the truth concerning mind (*心諦*). The text [sometimes] conceals [one] and reveals [the other], speaking [only] of the greater part. The bodhisattvas of the fourth, fifth, and sixth grounds are able to contemplate the birthlessness of the truth concerning mind in the three realms, and because [they] do not
【Left Page】
【Outside frame, upper left】
One hundred and eleven
【Outside frame, upper left horizontal】
Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror — Eliminating Obstacles Chapter
【Outside frame, lower left horizontal】
One hundred and eleven
【Upper Section】
grasp at mental images (*心想*), they are able to eliminate the afflictions of confusion pertaining to mind (*迷心惑*). In a general account, [they] should also eliminate the afflictions of confusion pertaining to form (*迷色惑*). Bodhisattvas of the seventh, eighth, and ninth grounds deeply realize the birthlessness of both mind and form. Hence they are able to eliminate the habitual impressions (*習*, *vāsanā*) of form and mind, etc. The tenth ground and the buddha ground deeply contemplate the truth of emptiness (*空諦*, *śūnyatā-satya*) and, within the ultimate path (*究竟道*), eliminate the habitual impressions of mind. Or, as a matter of principle, [they] should also eliminate the habitual impressions of form." Based on this passage from the scripture, [someone] raises an objection: if the afflictions of the seventh consciousness are eliminated only [in] the diamond[-like concentration], why does the *Rénwángjīng* say that "the fourth, fifth, and sixth grounds eliminate mental afflictions (*心煩惱*)"? The afflictions of the seventh consciousness are precisely mental afflictions — hence [there appears to be a contradiction].
Regarding "The text 'Form is coarse; mind is subtle,' up to 'there is likewise no contradiction' ": This properly reconciles [the apparent discrepancy with] the scripture. Material dharmas (*色法*) are coarse and manifest, and the confusion and afflictions pertaining to them are also coarse. Mental dharmas (*心法*) are subtle and fine, and the confusion and afflictions pertaining to them are also subtle. This distinction between coarse and subtle [serves to] differentiate the hierarchical distinctions of the five-forbearance stages (*五忍*), and [the scripture] explains [each ground's] elimination of afflictions [in those terms]. It does not mean that there are separately afflictions of the seventh consciousness that obstruct the fourth, fifth, and sixth grounds, and hence "mental afflictions" are eliminated [at those stages]. Hence there is no contradiction. The five forbearances (*五忍*) [are explained] as previously set out in fascicle one.
Regarding "The text 'The eighth [category of] basis obstructions,' up to 'a minor portion of the wisdom obstruction' ": "[The two vehicles] eliminate the afflictive obstruction (*煩惱障*, *kleśāvaraṇa*), etc." — [this is to be understood as follows:] In the Sarvāstivāda (*薩婆多*) school, among the afflictive obstructions, the five [wrong] views (*五見*, *pañca-dṛṣṭi*) and doubt (*疑*, *vicikitsā*) are eliminated by the seeing path (*見道*), while greed (*貪*, *rāga*), hatred (*嗔*, *dveṣa*), delusion (*癡*, *moha*), and conceit (*慢*, *māna*) penetrate through both [paths] and are eliminated [by both]. Greed and so on [when] confusing the [four-noble-truth] principles (*理*) are eliminated by the seeing path; greed and so on [when] obstructing [ordinary] affairs (*事*) are eliminated by the cultivation path. People of the two vehicles merely extinguish afflictions but have not yet removed the wisdom obstruction (*智障*, *jñeyāvaraṇa*). Only the buddhas and tathāgatas extinguish that wisdom obstruction. The *Zájīnlùn* (*雑心論*, *Samyuktābhidharma-hṛdaya-śāstra*) [Note: *Zájīnlùn*, fascicle nine, folio six] says: "The Buddha removes undefiled ignorance (*不染汚無知*, *akliṣṭa-ajñāna*)." And the *Abhidharmakośa* (*俱舎論*) [Note: *Abhidharmakośa*, fascicle twenty-seven, folio two left — the meaning is taken; next, the text of *Guāng-jì* (*光記*) fascicle thirteen (right), on the same [fascicle], folio five left] says: "The wisdom obstruction permanently (*永時*) obstructs." The present statement that "[the two vehicles] permanently eliminate a minor portion of the cognitive obstruction (*所知障*, *jñeyāvaraṇa*)" refers specifically to the ignorance (*無知*) of obstruction-by-faculties (*根障*), obstruction-by-concentration (*定障*), and so forth.
Question: Do people of the two vehicles, by eliminating obstruction-by-faculties and ignorance (*無知*), obtain the non-analytical cessation (*非択滅*, *apratisaṃkhyā-nirodha*)?
[Answer:] Only upon the position where the superior condition (*勝縁*) is ultimately [fulfilled and] permanently lacking [in obstruction]
【Lower Section】
does one then obtain the non-analytical cessation. People of the two vehicles eliminate only a minor portion (*小分*), having not yet eliminated the entire portion (*全分*). Hence they do not obtain [it]. Only the Buddha World-Honored One ultimately and exhaustively eliminates [all]. Hence [only the Buddha] obtains the non-analytical cessation.
Question: If so, the *Abhidharmakośa*, fascicle twenty-seven, says: "The virtue of the completeness of elimination (*斷圓德*)" is established in four types: (1) elimination of all afflictive obstructions (*一切煩惱斷*); (2) elimination of all concentration obstructions (*一切定障斷*); (3) ultimate elimination (*究竟斷*, also called *畢竟斷*); (4) simultaneous elimination with habitual impressions (*並習斷*). Master Guāng (*光師*) [i.e., the commentator Pǔguāng, author of the *Jùshèlùn Jì* (*俱舎論記*, Light Commentary)] says: "According to that treatise's text, if one eliminates all afflictive obstructions, one obtains analytical cessation (*択滅*, *pratisaṃkhyā-nirodha*). If one eliminates undefiled ignorance and concentration obstructions (*不染無知定障*), one obtains non-analytical cessation (*非択滅*). [What is called] 'ultimate elimination' (*畢竟斷*) refers to [the state of] having already eliminated the preceding two obstructions and not regressing — and this applies to both analytical cessation and non-analytical cessation. This [category] distinguishes [those of] dull faculties." Since it [already] says "[this] distinguishes and differentiates those of dull faculties," it is clearly known that two-vehicle practitioners of sharp faculties (*利根*, *tīkṣṇendriya*), by eliminating undefiled ignorance, obtain non-analytical cessation [— does this not follow?]
[Answer:] Within [the category of] ultimate elimination (*畢竟斷*), those of dull faculties (*鈍根*) may regress, while those of sharp faculties (*利根*) do not regress. It is on account of this distinction that [this category] is called "distinguishing those of dull faculties." It does not mean that two-vehicle practitioners of sharp faculties eliminate undefiled ignorance and thereby obtain non-analytical cessation. Hence there is no contradiction. One should examine the commentary text carefully.
Regarding "The text 'However, there are differences,' up to 'the nine grounds are indeterminate' ": Among those who eliminate the afflictive obstruction and obtain the four fruits (*四果*, *catur-phala*), there are differences between the categories of sequential [attainment] (*次第*, *anupūrva*) and transcendent attainment (*超越*, *vyutkrama*). Hence [the text] says "however, there are differences." Among the preceding three fruits [i.e., stream-entry, once-returning, and non-returning], each has two types: (1) sequentially obtaining the fruit; (2) transcendently obtaining the fruit. The present passage clarifies [the case of] sequentially obtaining the fruit. "Those who [proceed] gradually — the first fruit [is obtained by] eliminating only the discriminative afflictions (*分別煩惱*, *vikalpaja-kleśa*) of the three realms" — the *Xuányáng [Shèngjìao] Lùn* (*顕揚聖教論*, *Mahāyānasaṃgraha-vyākhyā*) [Note: fascicle three, folio ten left] explains: "According to the superior [account], [the stream-enterer] permanently eliminates the three fetters (*三結*, *trīṇi saṃyojanāni*). According to the fully comprehensive [account], [the stream-enterer] permanently eliminates all afflictions to be eliminated by the seeing path (*見所斷惑*). Since [the present text] follows the fully comprehensive account, it says 'eliminating only the discriminative afflictions of the three realms.'" Regarding the once-returner (*一来果*, *sakṛdāgāmin-phala*), for one who [proceeds] sequentially, [the practitioner] advances from the stream-enterer fruit and eliminates the sixth-grade afflictions of the desire realm (*欲界第六品惑*). At the time of the liberation path (*解脱道*), [that practitioner] then obtains [the once-returner fruit].