英語訳
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One hundred and twelve
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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror — Eliminating Obstacles Chapter
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One hundred and twelve
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(Continued from the previous page) ...one thereby obtains that fruit [the once-returner fruit, *sakṛdāgāmin-phala*]. As to why [this fruit] is called "one-coming" (*一来*, *sakṛdāgāmin*): [the practitioner] attains the path in the human realm, is born in the desire heavens, comes back again to the human realm, and obtains the ultimate fruit [*arhat-phala*]. In full, one ought to say "one who goes and comes once" (*一往来者*), but here the character "going" (*往*) is abbreviated, so it is not called "one-going" but rather named "one-coming." The reason one does not say "one-going" but instead names it "one-coming" is this: when [the being] comes [back], it must [at some point earlier have] gone; but when [a being] goes, it does not necessarily come [back]. Since [this being] comes [back] once, it is named "one-coming."
Regarding "those who gradually [attain] non-returning (*不還*), etc." — one advances from the preceding once-returner fruit, eliminates the ninth-grade afflictions of the desire realm, and upon abiding in the liberation path (*解脱道*), is named "non-returner fruit (*anāgāmin-phala*)." The reason for the term "non-returning" is that [the practitioner] will definitely not be reborn again in the place where [they] had previously been born [i.e., the desire realm]. Hence [this practitioner] obtains the name "non-returner."
"The remainder [continuing] up to the summit of existence (*有頂*, *bhavāgra*), etc." — when one has finished eliminating the nine grades of desire-realm [afflictions], one immediately obtains the name "non-returner." As for all [those who have reached the stage] prior to the uninterrupted path (*無間道*, *ānantarya-mārga*) [leading to] elimination of the ninth-grade afflictions of the summit of existence — all of them are called "non-returners." Hence [the text] says "the nine grounds are indeterminate."
Regarding "The text 'As for transcendent [attainment],' up to 'afflictions together with the five grades of the cultivation [path]'": What follows clarifies the transcendent attainment of fruits (*超越得果*). Regarding "the transcendence of the first fruit, etc." — those who transcend [the normal sequence] further comprise two categories: first, transcendence while still in the ordinary [person's] position (*凡位*); second, transcendence in the later holy position (*聖位*). Regarding transcendence in the ordinary position: among the preceding three fruits [stream-entry, once-returning, non-returning], transcendence is possible. But it cannot be the fourth [fruit, *arhat-phala*], because the afflictions at the summit of existence cannot be suppressed and eliminated by the mundane path (*世間道*). Among those who transcend the preceding three [fruits], the case of transcending stream-entry (*預流*, *śrotāpatti*) is as follows: while in the stage of the ordinary person (*異生位*, *pṛthagjana*), one employs the mundane path to suppress one, two, up to five grades of the cultivation-path-eliminated afflictions (*修所斷惑*) of the desire realm. Thereafter, relying on the Buddha-Dharma and practicing properly, one enters the path of seeing the truth (*見諦*, *darśana-mārga*), and upon reaching the cognitive wisdom of path-universals in the sixteen moments (*十六心道類智*), one realizes the stream-enterer fruit — this is called "transcendence." [The situation in which] the afflictions [to be] eliminated through cultivation practice in the desire realm are suppressed by the mundane path, and those together with the various afflictions of the seeing [path], are simultaneously cut off at once by a single path — this is named "transcendently attaining stream-entry." Because one employs the seeing path and is thereby able to be free from the first five grades of the cultivation-path afflictions, it is said to be called "transcendence." There is also another interpretation:
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There is necessarily no one who transcends [the normal sequence] to reach stream-entry fruit, because there is necessarily no preceding fruit [*phala*] that can be transcended [in that case]. In none of the holy scriptures is it said that stream-entry is called "transcendence." This interpretation appears superior. One should examine the texts further.
Question: [The text says] "among the preceding three fruits, transcendence is possible, but not the fourth [*arhat-phala*], because the mundane path cannot suppress the afflictions at the summit of existence." If so, why does the *Bodhisattva-garbha-sūtra* (*菩薩処胎経*), fascicle five, "Conduct Chapter" (*行品*), say: "There are beings who, starting from the stage of an ordinary person, without proceeding to the stage of faith (*信地*), stage of dharma (*法地*), stream-entry (*須陀洹*, *śrotāpanna*), once-returning (*斯陀含*, *sakṛdāgāmin*), or non-returning (*阿那含*, *anāgāmin*), directly take [the fruit of] the *arhat* (*阿羅漢*)" — and so on at length? The text is already clear. How can one say there are no ordinary people who transcend the preceding three fruits to take the *arhat* fruit? And if one admits this, then could it be that [they do so] by means of the mundane path, cutting off both the afflictions at the summit of existence and the afflictions of the seeing [path]? Even suppression [of such afflictions by the mundane path] is difficult to achieve — how much more difficult is it to actually cut them off?
[Answer:] Upon examining the text of that scripture, [one finds that] the bodhisattva *Xíng-yè* (*造行菩薩*) raises [a set of] twenty-five kinds of karmic action and their fruits as questions directed to the Buddha. Within [those questions], the World-Honored One set aside for the time being the fruits of past and future karmic actions and answered only the fruits of the tathāgata's karmic actions in his present life, leaving unanswered the fruits of the remaining twenty-four types of karmic action. The present statement "there are beings who, without proceeding to the stage of faith, stage of dharma, up to non-returning, directly take the arhat [fruit]" is precisely the fruit of the seventeenth type of karmic action among the twenty-five. Since the Buddha has not yet answered [this], who would dare to offer an interpretation of it? Nevertheless, speaking according to principle (*理*): what is said in that scripture — that "there are beings who, from the stage of an ordinary person, take the arhat fruit," or that "there are beings who, while [headed] toward [the fruit of] the arhat, fall back down into the stage of an ordinary person with unwholesome dharmas" — these are [teachings of] expedient means (*方便*, *upāya*), not [teachings of] the ultimate [reality], and are [given] for the purpose of drawing in the timid and faint-hearted. Just as in the *Pūrvakarmapraṇidhāna-sūtra* (*本業経*) [Note: *Yingluo Benye Jing* (*瓔珞本業経*), upper fascicle, folio 15 left] — the cases of the divine prince Jìngmù (*浄目天子*), King Fǎcái (*法財王*), and Śāriputra (*舎利弗*) retreating into the realm of unwholesome dharmas of ordinary persons — these are precisely examples of [such expedient teaching]. This meaning remains difficult [to resolve]. Students should ponder it carefully.
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One hundred and thirteen
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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror — Eliminating Obstacles Chapter
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Regarding "The text 'Transcending once-returning,' up to 'the nine [grades] of cultivation [path afflictions] in the realm of neither-perception-nor-non-perception (*非想非非想処*)' ": Regarding "transcending once-returning" (*超一来*): first, while in the stage of the ordinary person (*異生位*), one employs the mundane path (*世俗道*) to suppress the cultivation-path afflictions (*修惑*) of the desire realm, already exhausting six grades, or seven or eight grades, of afflictions. Then, one enters the seeing path (*見道*) and obtains the once-returner fruit — this is called "transcending once-returning." Because this person does not take the stream-enterer fruit [and] thus passes over the preceding fruit, [the person] obtains the name "transcendence."
Regarding "transcending non-returning" (*超不還*): first, one employs the mundane path to suppress the cultivation-path afflictions of the desire realm. Because the nine grades [of desire-realm afflictions] are exhausted, within the seven grounds comprising the four grounds of the form realm (*色界四地*) and the lower three [grounds] of the formless realm (*無色下三*) — either having been freed from one grade of afflictions [in some grounds], or entirely empty [of afflictions, in others] — in accordance with what is appropriate [for each ground], one thereafter enters the path of seeing truth (*見諦*), and at the time of the [stage of] cognitive wisdom of path-universals (*道類智*), obtains the non-returner fruit. Because [this person] obtains non-returning without taking the preceding two fruits [stream-entry and once-returning], it is spoken of and named "transcendence." Furthermore, the non-returner fruit is normally obtained through the cultivation path (*修道*). When [this person] obtains it through the seeing path, that is also named "transcendence."
Regarding "The text 'There are those who [begin as] stream-enterers [and then] transcend,' up to 'hence [they are] named stream-enterers' ": Above, [the text] clarified transcendence first in the ordinary-person position. Now in this passage, [it] clarifies transcendence in the later holy position (*聖超*). The *Abhidharmasamuccaya* (*對法論*) [Note: fascicle thirteen, folio twelve left] explains: "The stream-enterer fruit has two types of liberation: first, gradual; second, simultaneous (*頓*). 'Simultaneous liberation' means: having entered into direct perception of the truths (*諦現観*, *satya-abhisamaya*), relying on [the samādhi of] access concentration (*未至定*, *anāgamya*), one arouses the supramundane path (*出世間道*) and simultaneously eliminates all afflictions of the three realms. If [afflictions are] eliminated grade by grade separately, only two fruits are established: [namely] stream-entry fruit and *arhat* fruit. 'Eliminating grade by grade separately' means: simultaneously eliminating the uppermost-grade latent afflictions (*随眠*, *anuśaya*) subject to cultivation-path elimination in the desire, form, and formless realms — the three realms — and so on down to the [preliminary] stage of heat (*煗品*, *uṣma-pakṣa*)." The fuller [explanation] is as given there.
[Commentary:] Having obtained the first fruit [stream-entry], one takes together all the eighty-one grades of cultivation-path-eliminated afflictions (*修所斷煩惱*) across the nine grounds, employs the nine [types of] uninterrupted paths and nine [types of] liberation paths, and thereby fully exhausts all defilements (*諸漏*). [They are] eliminated like splitting bamboo. The path that eliminates the first grade of desire-realm [afflictions] can simultaneously eliminate the uppermost grade of afflictions at the summit of existence. As for all the holy paths [corresponding to other grades] — [continuing] down
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to the lowest-lowest [grade] — one should also know [they work] in the same way. When one has eliminated six grades of the desire realm and simultaneously eliminates six grades of the eight grounds of the upper realms, [the practitioner] is not named "once-returner." [When one eliminates] nine grades of the desire realm and the nine grades of all eight grounds of the upper realms are also exhausted, [the practitioner] is not named "non-returner." Because [this person] goes directly from stream-entry to *arhat* [fruit], in the [very] uninterrupted [path] of stream-entry, [the *arhat*] fruit is directly established, and [the fact that the practitioner] does not take the middle two [fruits — once-returning and non-returning — in between] is called "transcendence in the holy position (*聖位超*)."
Regarding "The text 'Alone the arhat (*阿羅漢獨*) [i.e., the pratyekabuddha],' up to 'namely the obstruction-by-concentration (*定障*), etc.' ": Above, [the text] clarified the gradual and transcendent attainment of fruits by the śrāvaka (*声聞*). Now in this passage, [it] clarifies the pratyekabuddha's (*独覚*) elimination of obstructions and attainment of fruits. The stage of learning (*学位*) of the pratyekabuddha is the same as "[transcending to] non-returning." If [one] reaches the stage of no-more-learning (*無学*, *aśaikṣa*), [it is] likewise the same as the "*arhat* fruit (*応果*)."
Question: Why, in [the discussion of] pratyekabuddhas, are the names of the preceding three fruits not indicated, and only the name "*arhat* fruit" is indicated?
[Answer:] Master Lóng (*隆法師*) says: "Because the distinctions between the [pratyekabuddha's] fruits and the [fruits of the] paths approaching them (*向果*) are extremely subtle and difficult to know, only a single fruit-name is established."
Regarding "namely the obstruction-by-concentration, etc." — the above statement that "[they] separately eliminate a portion of the cognitive obstruction (*所知障*)" refers to the obstruction-by-concentration (*定障*), etc. [The *Chéngwéishílùn*] at [question-and-answer] sixty-two says: "Furthermore, all liberations are made manifest through liberation from the cognitive obstruction (*所知障*, *jñeyāvaraṇa*). By this [means], śrāvakas, pratyekabuddhas, and others attain liberation of mind with respect to the cognitive obstruction." [The text] now points to that [passage], hence saying "namely the obstruction-by-concentration, etc."
Regarding "The text 'As for bodhisattvas,' up to 'all as in the usual explanation' ": Above, [the text] clarified the two vehicles. Now in this passage, [it] clarifies the bodhisattva's elimination of obstructions and attainment of fruits — that is, [the clarification that] bodhisattvas are capable of elimination. "All three vehicles are capable of suppressing the manifest [afflictions] of the two obstructions, etc." — this is an overall selection [distinguishing] the various differences in the suppression of afflictions. Regarding "bodhisattvas who [through] suppression obtain the concentration and thereby obtain the fruit" — this means obtaining the cessation-attainment (*滅盡定*, *nirodha-samāpatti*). Among the various bodhisattvas, some enter the first ground and obtain the cessation-concentration; some do not obtain the cessation-concentration until the completion of the seventh ground. This is as stated in the treatise [Note: *Chéngwéishílùn* (*成唯識論*), fascicle seven, folio fifteen right]. As for "obtaining the fruit" — this means obtaining the Dharma[-body] (*法*[身]...)