英語訳
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One hundred and fourteen
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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror — Eliminating Obstacles Chapter
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One hundred and fourteen
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(Continued from the previous page) ...the fruit of the wisdom of dharmic emptiness (*法空智*, *dharmaśūnyatā-jñāna*). From the first ground (*初地*) onward, [the bodhisattva] suppresses the grasping at dharmas (*法執*) and the like, and thereby obtains the wisdom of dharmic emptiness. There is also another interpretation: to say that "obtaining the fruit" means [obtaining] the Buddha-fruit is incorrect. How could one obtain the Buddha-fruit merely by suppressing obstructions?
Question: Among the twenty-seven [categories of] worthies and saints (*賢聖*), [a practitioner] who in the causal position (*因位*) suppresses the obstruction-by-concentration (*定障*) receives the name "bodily witness" (*身証*, *kāya-sākṣin*). Why does [a practitioner who] suppresses afflictions without [permanently] eliminating them not receive the name "wisdom-liberation" (*慧解脱*, *prajñā-vimukta*)?
[Answer:] "Wisdom-liberation" is revealed in contrast to [the standard of] permanent destruction. As for the obstruction-by-concentration, regardless of whether [the afflictions] are cut off or merely suppressed, [the practitioner] attains excellent concentration (*勝定*) in either case. Therefore, even merely suppressing [the obstructions] and thereby attaining concentration is also called "attaining liberation." Master Fàn (*範法師*) and others advance this explanation. Regarding "as for the stages of liberation [*解脱分位*], all [is] as in the standard explanation" — in the stage of accordance with liberation (*順解脱分位*), the meaning of the three vehicles suppressing obstacles and attaining concentration is, in all cases, as in the standard teaching. [The text] now briefly indicates the first, and therefore does not [also] raise the stage of discrimination and selection (*決択分位*) [Note: an alternate edition reads 且 (*qiě*) instead of 亦 (*yì*)]. But in principle, it should also be indicated. Therefore Master Kuījī (*基法師*) says: "In the Sarvāstivāda school (*薩婆多宗*), prior to the seeing path, the seven preparatory paths do not cut off afflictions. In the Satyasiddhi school (*成実宗*), prior to the seeing path, the five preparatory paths do both cut off afflictions." [The fuller account is] as extensive as in that chapter. If one relies on the Mahāyāna [teaching], in the two stages of the provision [path] (*資糧位*, *saṃbhāra-mārga*) and the application [path] (*加行位*, *prayoga-mārga*), [the practitioner] is capable of suppressing obstructions. These various meanings are as stated in the *Chéngwéishílùn* (*唯識論*) [Note: fascicle nine, folio four right; and *Yogācārabhūmi* (*瑜伽師地論*), fascicle sixty-nine], etc.
Regarding "The text 'The division of the second and third obstructions,' up to 'the explanation in the Vijñaptimātratā chapter' ": "Skin, flesh, and kernel (*皮膚完*)" — relying on the *Yogācārabhūmiśāstra* (*瑜伽論*) and with respect to the cognitive obstruction (*所知障*, *jñeyāvaraṇa*), these three names are established. Hence fascicle forty-eight [of that work] says: "Know that all the seeds of habituation (*麤重*, *dauṣṭhulya*) belonging to the class of all cognitive obstructions also have three [types]: first, those residing in the skin; and so on down to: third, the seeds residing in the kernel." [Commentary:] Interpreting [this] in accordance with the treatise: what is eliminated at the first ground is named "skin"; what is eliminated at the eighth ground is named "flesh" (*膚*); what is eliminated [only] at the tathāgata [stage] is named "kernel" (*実*). With respect to the distinctions of coarseness and subtlety among the cognitive obstructions, these three names are established.
Question: The cognitive obstructions are all eliminated throughout the ten grounds. Why, then, does [the text] speak of their elimination in terms of three [particular] abodes [i.e., the first ground, the eighth ground, and the buddha stage]?
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[Answer:] At the first ground, one begins to realize the principle [of emptiness]. At the eighth ground, one begins to attain effortless [cognition] (*無功用*). At the buddha stage, one begins to attain ultimate [realization]. On account of this meaning, [the text] speaks only of these three abodes. If one relies on the *Mahāyānasaṃgraha* (*摂論*), one ought to say "skin, kernel/flesh, and heart (*皮完心*)" [Note: In the Liang-dynasty translation (*梁論*), fascicle thirteen, folio nine left, 完 is written as 肉 ("flesh"); the same below]. Now [the text] relies on the *Yogācārabhūmi*, and therefore says only "skin, flesh, and kernel (*皮膚実*)."
Master Hóng (*弘法師*) says: "The afflictions subject to elimination on the cultivation path (*修所斷*) mostly [involve] confusion about concrete objects. The dharma of objects is coarse and manifest — just like skin being on the outside — hence they are called 'skin afflictions' (*皮惑*). The afflictions subject to elimination on the seeing path (*見所斷*) involve confusion about the principle of the selflessness of persons (*人空理*). The dharmic [aspect of the] principle is subtle and hidden — just like the flesh being in the middle — hence they are called 'flesh afflictions' (*完惑*). The grasping at a dharma-self (*法我執*) involves confusion about the principle of the emptiness of dharmas (*法空理*). This principle is the most profound of all — just like the heart being on the inside — hence they are called 'heart afflictions' (*心惑*)." The fuller [account is] as given in that chapter. However, in some other passages, these three obstructions are explained using the name "affliction" (*煩悩*). That is, the name "affliction" (*煩悩*) is applied to the cognitive obstruction (*所知*), and therefore [the two usages] do not contradict each other. Regarding "the so-called 'companion-harming latent afflictions (*害伴随眠*),' etc." — the explanation of these three names is as [given] in the *Vijñaptimātratā* chapter.
Question: Under which of the obstructions do these three latent afflictions (*随眠*, *anuśaya*) fall?
[Answer:] There are three interpretations [on this]. One [view] says: These three belong exclusively to the cognitive obstruction (*所知障*). Another [view] says: The first two belong to the affliction obstruction (*煩悩障*), and the third to the cognitive obstruction (*所知障*). Another [view] says: These three belong exclusively to the affliction obstruction (*煩悩障*). Although there are three interpretations, the latter view is the correct one.
Question: Are these three latent afflictions of identical substance (*同体*)?
[Answer:] There are three positions. One [view] says: The substance of the three types is each distinct, because they differ in coarseness and subtlety. Another [view] says: The latter [ones] encompass the earlier [ones], so there is a difference in breadth and narrowness. Another [view] says: These three are distinguished in terms of [their corresponding] positions [in the path of practice], but their substance has no differentiation. If [the practitioner] is at the fifth ground, [the relevant latent afflictions] are named "companion-harming" (*害伴*). Upon reaching the sixth and seventh grounds, [the name] shifts to "feeble and inferior" (*羸劣*). From the eighth ground onward, [the name] shifts to "subtle and fine" (*微細*). Among these three positions, the third is the correct one. The fuller [account is] as stated in Master Xīmíng's (*西明*) [i.e., Wénguǐ's] commentary on the *Saṃdhinirmocana-sūtra* (*深密疏*).
Regarding "The text 'Third: afflictions, karma, and suffering (*惑業苦*),' up to 'as stated in the *Abhidharmasamuccaya* text' ": "Afflictions, karma, and suffering" means: the afflictions that generate karma and moisten [the seeds of] rebirth are
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One hundred and fifteen
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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror — Eliminating Obstacles Chapter
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One hundred and fifteen
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named "afflictions" (*惑*). That is, all afflictions of the intellectually discriminated (*分別*, *parikalpita*) category in the desire realm are all capable of generating karma — all of them are unwholesome. Those that spontaneously (*任運*) generate evil actions are also unwholesome. However, the view of self (*我見*, *ātma-dṛṣṭi*) and the view of extremes (*辺見*, *antagrāha-dṛṣṭi*) eliminated on the cultivation path (*修道断*), along with the greed (*貪*), conceit (*慢*), and ignorance (*無明*) associated with them, are none of them unwholesome [in the technical sense]. This is as stated in fascicle four of the *Abhidharmasamuccaya* (*対法論*). The various karmas capable of producing the next existence (*後有*, *punarbhava*) are named "karma." That is, [this term] extends to all karma [productive] of the general retribution (*総報*) and particular retribution (*別報*), [operative in] the present and future, etc. Excluding morally neutral karma (*無記業*) and pure karma (*無漏業*), all [other karma] is named "karma," because it is capable of producing the maturation-born [existence] (*異熟生*). The various sufferings arising through the inducement of karma are named "suffering" — that is, the three [types of] suffering (*三苦*), the eight [types of] suffering (*八苦*), etc. These afflictions, karma, and suffering all extend to both the intellectually discriminated (*分別*) and the innately arisen (*俱生*) [categories]. The present passage clarifies the discriminated three [i.e., the discriminated afflictions, karma, and suffering]. That is to say, the two intellectually discriminated obstructions (*分別二障*) together with the karma generated [by them] and [their resultant] fruits — these are eliminated on the seeing path (*見道*). This is as explained previously in the second section on the substance of [the obstructions], where fascicle four of the *Abhidharmasamuccaya* was cited. Hence [the text] says "as previously explained, in accordance with the *Abhidharmasamuccaya* text."
Some [person] says: [The phrase] "as stated in the *Abhidharmasamuccaya* text" should be connected to the text below — but this is incorrect. It does not accord with the meaning of the text. Hence it should not be relied upon.
Regarding "The text 'Innately arisen karma and suffering (*俱生業苦*),' up to '[until reaching] the diamond-mind (*金剛心*)' ": Above, the discriminated three [afflictions, karma, and suffering] were clarified. Below, what follows clarifies the karma and fruits generated by the innately arisen (*俱生*) two obstructions. Within this there are two [parts]: first, clarifying the karmic fruits generated by the affliction obstruction; [and then] below, in "among the cognitive obstructions," clarifying the karmic fruits generated by the cognitive obstruction. This [section] is the first. [Regarding] the innately arisen karmic fruits within the affliction obstruction: The self-nature elimination (*自性断*) of sinful karma — the number of grades is as in the explanation of the afflictions. The merit karma (*福業*) and immovable karma (*不動業*) are eliminated through the condition-bondage (*縁縛*) [Note: an alternate edition reads 唯 ("solely") for 縁 ("condition")] — that is, [these karmas are eliminated] by being capable of eliminating the afflictions that intermingle [with and serve as] conditions [for them]. Wholesome and morally neutral dharmas are eliminated on the cultivation path, and [their elimination] is completed and exhausted only when [the afflictions] are utterly eradicated. Only gradually, in small portions, are the ninth grades of each ground exhausted. There is also [a type of] immovable karma that is eliminated through non-arising (*不生断*) rather than [eliminated in its own] substance — as with the unperceiving concentration (*無想定*, *asaṃjñā-samāpatti*). The fruits [of karma] eliminated at the time of the seeing path are similarly not self-nature eliminations. As for the elimination [of karma] in its very substance — for the two vehicles (*二乗*), this occurs at the time of entering the remainderless [nirvāṇa] (*無余涅槃*); for bodhisattvas, it occurs at the time of reaching the diamond [mind] (*金剛心*, *vajropama-samādhi*).
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Regarding "The text 'The afflictions, karma, and suffering [of the bodhisattva],' up to '[their] being at the buddha stage' ": Regarding "the non-arising of [birth in] the apportioned [realm of] birth-and-death (*分段生死*) being [situated] at the eighth ground" — the *Zuǎnshù* (*纂述*) says: If one speaks in terms of turning and abandoning (*転捨*), [for those who] gradually awaken (*漸悟*), upon entering the ten [stages of] faith (*十信*), the fruit of [birth in] the apportioned realm is turned and abandoned; [for those who] suddenly awaken (*頓悟*), [this occurs] upon reaching the eighth ground; or alternatively, [the turning] begins at the first ground. The author of this chapter relies on [what is] definitive (*決定*) in his exposition, hence [he] says "at the eighth ground." However, upon examining the intent of the *Zuǎnshù*, [the statement that] "those who gradually awaken, upon entering the ten faiths, turn and abandon the apportioned-realm fruit" — this meaning is difficult to interpret. In the fourth fascicle of Master Xīmíng's (*西明*) commentary on the *Saṃdhinirmocana-sūtra* (*深密疏*), in [his] explanation of the meaning of the *Laṅkāvatāra-sūtra*, he says: "[The *Laṅkāvatāra*] [Note: the two characters 楞伽 are absent in some editions. This is the full text of the Xīmíng commentary; in the sūtra itself, the four-fascicle edition contains [this] at fascicle four, folio twenty-one; the ten-fascicle edition at fascicle five, folio one. Hence fascicle two is excluded as it [re-]opens [this discussion]; what is called the 'fourth' is, seen as a classification-heading, a 'gate' [section], and is therefore excluded. I ask that you consider this.] fascicle two, fourth [section] — the 'gate of samādhi-bliss (*三昧楽門*)' spoken of there — means: stream-enterers and others turn their minds and direct [their aspiration] toward the Great [Vehicle, Mahāyāna], causing [their] bodies to remain [in existence] for a long time; relying on the marginal concentration (*辺際定*, *bhavāgra-samādhi*), sustained by defiled karma (*有漏業*), they receive [the form of] birth called change-birth (*変易生*, *parināma-janman*) — passing through eighty thousand kalpas, or sixty thousand kalpas, etc. — and reach the ten [stages of] faith. That concentration is explained and named 'the bliss of samādhi (*三昧楽*).' [They] are not [those who] have already abided in the remainderless nirvāṇa and [then] are named ['in] samādhi.'" Since [the text] already says "receiving change-birth and reaching the ten-faiths stage," how can [the *Zuǎnshù*] now say "[those who] gradually awaken, upon entering the ten faiths, abandon the apportioned-realm fruit"? Therefore one knows [this] is difficult to interpret. Students should ponder this carefully.
Question: In fascicle eight [Note: final (fascicle), folio seven, folio fourteen left] of the commentary, in [the section] making four propositions regarding apportioned [birth-and-death] and change-birth, the third proposition says: "There are those who [both] receive apportioned [birth-and-death] and [also] receive change-birth — referring to those [who are] the first three [saintly] fruits [and those of] indeterminate nature (*不定性*), [those who are] prior to the seventh ground. This proposition is [explained as follows:] because of [one's] freedom [(*自在*, i.e., one can employ change-birth)] and because [one's] afflictions are not yet exhausted [one also receives apportioned birth-and-death]." What is the meaning of this?
[Answer:] This proposition speaks of receiving two types of death in terms of [one's] position [in the path], not saying that a single person simultaneously undergoes both types of death. Among the first three saintly fruits, some receive apportioned [birth-and-death], others receive change-birth. [For those] whose afflictions are not yet exhausted, [the situation] prior [to that stage] is likewise [the same]. Or there are bodhisattvas who, though themselves capable of receiving only change-birth, for the sake of sentient beings [choose to] receive the sufferings of the three evil destinies (*三途*) — and this is precisely...