英語訳
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One hundred and eighteen
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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror — Eliminating Obstacles Chapter
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One hundred and eighteen
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(Continued from the previous page) ...are all collectively called "ignorance (*無明*, *avidyā*)." Concerning these five abiding grounds, [one should refer to] the *Śrīmālādevīsiṃhanāda-sūtra* (*勝鬘経*), which extensively explains their characteristics.
Regarding "The text: 'Question: If the discriminated [afflictions],' up to 'the doubt eliminated at the fifth ground' ": The intent of this question is to demonstrate [the following]: If the discriminated afflictions are called "seeing-one-place [abiding ground] (*見一処*)" and are [said to be] eliminated when one enters the seeing [path], then upon entering the seeing path one should already have eliminated the seeing[-afflictions] and doubts. Why, then, does the *Benevolent Kings Sūtra* (*仁王経*) say: "At the first ground, [one] eliminates greed; and so on up to the fourth ground, [where one] eliminates views; and at the fifth ground, [one] eliminates doubt"? And why does *Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra* fascicle fifty-four say "[one] eliminates the mind of doubt at the fifth ground" and so on? Given that [these texts] already say "doubt is eliminated at the fifth ground," and since doubt belongs exclusively to the discriminated [afflictions] and does not extend to the innately arisen [afflictions], how can it be that all the discriminated afflictions are eliminated when one enters the seeing [path]?
Regarding "The text: 'Answer: The explanation of the former [scholars],' up to 'hence [it] is eliminated at the fifth ground' ": "The explanation of the former [scholars] says" — this refers to the former摂論 (*Mahāyānasaṃgraha*) master, Dharma-base (*道基*, Dōki). Hence his chapter says: "In the *Benevolent Kings Sūtra*, 'At the first ground [one] eliminates greed, and so on up to the fourth ground [where one] removes views, and at the fifth ground [one] eliminates doubt' — it is likely that in this sūtra, [these stages] are borrowed [Note: 借 is probably a miswriting of 假, meaning "provisionally used"] to indicate the stages and characteristics of [the gradation] from ordinary beings to sages and across [the various] grounds. Because the character of [the stages up to the] third ground resembles that of ordinary beings, [the sūtra] says that at the third ground greed, anger, and delusion are eliminated. Because the character of the fourth and fifth grounds resembles [the first two of] the four fruits [of the śrāvaka path], [the sūtra] says that views and doubts are removed. But in reality, [all these afflictions] are truly eliminated before [entering] the grounds [on the pre-ground seeing path]." According to his chapter, the root afflictions (*正使*) of views and doubts are eliminated before [entering] the grounds. Yet in the present text [it says] "in reality, [they] are already eliminated at the first ground." How is it that [these two positions] do not contradict each other? [Commentary:] The [former scholars' explanation] is framed in terms of manifest activity (*現行*), while [this text] is framed in terms of eliminating [their] seeds — hence there is no contradiction.
"Now the [present] explanation: 'views' means 'view of self (*身見*)' and so on" — this is precisely the intention of the author of this chapter. When the *Benevolent Kings Sūtra* says "the fourth ground eliminates views, the fifth ground eliminates doubt": "views" here means the view of self (*身見*, *satkāyadṛṣṭi*), because the fourth ground is capable of eliminating the view of self that is associated with the sixth consciousness. As for "doubt," this is factual doubt (*事疑*), not the elimination of doubt as an affliction [proper]. The doubt that is concomitant with non-defiling ignorance (*不染無知*) is described as "factual doubt." These factual doubts arise through the view of self and are companions of the view of self. If it were doubt as an affliction [proper], it would be eliminated only on the seeing path and would already be eliminated at the first ground. Since [the text] is now framed in terms of factual doubt, [it is] eliminated at the fifth ground. Regarding the obstructions eliminated at the first, second, and third grounds — these are the same as in the older explanation, and hence are not discussed further here.
Regarding "The text: 'Fifth, there are furthermore [the scatterings],' up to 'sinking (*沈*), agitation (*掉*), relishing (*味*), and attachment (*著*)' ": Regarding "mental scattering (*散乱*, *vikṣepa*)" [Note: from here below, [the explanation] follows in order based on the text of the *Abhidharmasamuccaya* (*対法論*), fascicle one, folio eighteen right]: this refers to [the mental state] whose nature is the flowing and scattering of the mind of greed, anger, and delusion. There are six types of this. What follows is the first three. "Intrinsic scattering (*自性散乱*)" refers to the five-sense-consciousnesses body (*五識身*). This is because, by the very nature of those [five sense consciousnesses], there is no capacity for inner stillness and concentration. "External scattering (*外散乱*)" refers to [the situation where], when one is properly cultivating good [dharmas], the mind races toward the five objects of desire (*五妙欲*). That is, while cultivating good dharmas such as hearing [the Dharma] as a means, one abandons the object of contemplation and the mind races outward and settles among the objects of desire. "Internal scattering (*内散乱*)" refers to sinking (*沈*, *laya*), agitation (*掉*, *auddhatya*), relishing (*味*), and attachment (*著*) that arise when one is properly cultivating good [dharmas]. That is, one who is cultivating concentration gives rise to sinking, agitation, and relishing-attachment, and thereby loses the stillness of concentration.
Regarding "The text: 'Fourth, characteristic scattering (*相散乱*),' up to 'the first [fascicle] of the *Abhidharmasamuccaya*' ": "Characteristic scattering (*相散乱*)" refers to falsely displaying the appearance of cultivating goodness in order to cause others to come to trust and believe [in oneself]. That is, wishing to make others believe that one possesses virtues, one manifests this appearance [of practice]. Due to this circumstance, the good dharmas one is cultivating gradually deteriorate further and further. "Seed-of-habitual-tendency scattering (*麤重散乱*, *dauṣṭhulya-vikṣepa*)" refers to the following: because of the force of the habitual tendencies of grasping at self (*我執*) and self's possessions (*我所執*), and of pride (*我慢*), when cultivating good dharmas, one arises [the grasping of] self, self's possessions, and proud reception [*執受*] toward all the feelings (*受*) that have already arisen, taking up [their] characteristics in a mingled manner. That is, through the force of the habitual tendencies of self-grasping and so on, within the feelings of pleasure and so on that have already arisen, one either grasps [them] as self, or grasps [them] as self's possessions, or arises pride. By this [process], the good qualities one is cultivating never become pure. "Attention-directing scattering (*作意散乱*)" refers to the flowing and scattering that occurs [when one] either relies on or enters into vehicles and concentrations other than [one's own]. That is, relying on another vehicle and entering another concentration, one abandons what one has previously cultivated and gives rise to scattering. In the present text, "the other concentrations previously cultivated" refers to the concentrations of the Great Vehicle, while "the concentrations of another vehicle" refers to the concentrations of the Lesser Vehicle. Hence the "Chapter on the Unsurpassed Vehicle" of the *Madhyāntavibhāga* (*弁中辺論*) says: "Those whose minds are inferior — these are [those with] attention-directing scattering, because they give rise to attention (*作意*) based on inferior vehicles." "Because those who think are engaged in examination (*尋*, *vitarka*) and investigation (*伺*, *vicāra*)" — this means that [the sixth type of scattering:] through wrong thinking (*邪思惟*), the mode of apprehension of examination and investigation arises, thereby giving rise to scattering. These six types of scattering are as explained in fascicle one of the *Abhidharmasamuccaya*.
Regarding "The text: 'Furthermore, there are six root [afflictions],' up to 'all as previously explained' ": In the *Vijñaptimātratā* chapter of the previous first fascicle, [the text] says: "Or [one] explains the six afflictions, explains the seven latent tendencies (*七随眠*), and so on up to the ten discriminations, etc. — these are as extensively explained in the Eliminating Obstacles Chapter." Now the present text says "all as previously explained." [The two texts] mutually refer to each other, and neither explains [these topics] fully. Therefore [we] now give a brief explanation. "The six afflictions (*六煩悩*)" are: greed (*貪*, *rāga*), anger (*瞋*, *pratigha*), delusion (*癡*, *moha*), pride (*慢*, *māna*), doubt (*疑*, *vicikitsā*), and wrong views (*悪見*, *mithyādṛṣṭi*). The nature of these six [afflictions beginning with] greed is [that they are] subsumed under the root afflictions (*根本煩悩*). Hence they obtain the name "afflictions." According to one interpretation, these six belong exclusively to the affliction obstruction (*煩悩障*), because it is explained that their nature is defiled (*染*) and obstructive of nirvāṇa. According to another interpretation, these six also extend to the cognitive obstruction (*智障*, i.e., *所知障*), because the cognitive obstruction includes views, doubt, delusion, craving, anger, pride, and so on. If the cognitive obstruction did not subsume the six [afflictions], then under what dharmas would those views, doubts, and so on be subsumed? Therefore [we] know: the six afflictions are subsumed by both obstructions.
If that is so, then why are [the afflictions such as] craving [subsumed under the cognitive obstruction] called merely "afflictions"? And why are craving,
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(continued from above) ...anger, pride, and so on [subsumed under the cognitive obstruction]? [The answer is:] from the perspective of the two vehicles (*二乗*), [these] are not afflictions; but from the perspective of bodhisattvas, they constitute afflictions — hence the treatise says "[the text] distinguishes and explains [these] as afflictions of bodhisattvas."
"Furthermore, there are six root afflictions" — these six characters should be attached to the preceding text. [The commentator] takes advantage of the expository convenience of the commentary text and additionally makes it a lower clause. [This is] an intention to annotate and explain the *Vijñaptimātratā* chapter. This is the intention of the [commentary] record (*記*) and not the intention of the chapter's author. "The seven latent tendencies (*七随眠*, *saptānuśayāḥ*)" are: the latent tendency of craving for desire (*欲愛随眠*), the [latent tendency of] anger (*瞋恚*), the [latent tendency of] craving for existence (*有愛*), the [latent tendency of] pride (*慢*), the [latent tendency of] ignorance (*無明*), the [latent tendency of] views (*見*), and the [latent tendency of] doubt (*疑*). Among these, "craving for existence (*有愛*)" refers to the habitual tendencies (*麤重*, *dauṣṭhulya*) of the category of craving of the form and formless realms. The *Zuǎnshù* (*纂述*) says: "Among the six afflictions, craving is divided into two: namely, craving for desire (*欲愛*) and craving for existence (*有愛*)." [This] is explained in accordance with [by analogy to] the preceding six [afflictions]. [For] further detail, see fascicle six of the *Abhidharmasamuccaya*.
Regarding "The text: 'Furthermore, there are seven outflows (*七漏*),' up to 'explaining the meaning as the name [indicates]' ": Regarding "the seven outflows (*七漏*, *āsrava*)" — the first is the "seeing outflow (*見漏*)": the afflictions [eliminated on] the seeing path. The second is the "cultivation outflow (*修漏*)": the afflictions [eliminated on] the cultivation path. Also called the "reflective outflow (*思惟漏*)." Among the ninety-eight driving forces (*使*, *anuśaya*) of the Lesser Vehicle, the cultivation-path afflictions of the three realms are called "reflective [outflows]." The third is the "faculty outflow (*根漏*)": the faculties such as the eye [faculty] and so on are capable of generating outflows — hence [this name]. The fourth is the "evil outflow (*悪漏*)": all those [conditions such as] evil companions that give rise to afflictions are collectively called "evil outflows." [They] are capable of generating outflows — hence they obtain the name "outflows." The fifth is the "proximity outflow (*親近漏*)": the conditions of clothing, food, and so on that generate craving — being close [to them] can generate outflows, hence [they are] called "proximity outflows." The sixth is the "craving outflow (*愛漏*)": cherishing [thoughts and] recollections of the three evil [destinies] is a cause that generates outflows — [but] this is not [a category] named "craving outflow" because [it falls under] the category of craving [itself]. The seventh is the "mindfulness outflow (*念漏*)": wrong mindfulness gives rise to outflows — hence [it is] called "mindfulness outflow."
Regarding "the [first] two outflows as substance [体]" and so on: In the explanation [of the distinction between] substance (*体*) and full [possession] (*具*) [Head note: In the *Mahāyāna-artha-śāstra* (*大乗義章*), fascicle five, final section, folio eight left, all [instances of] 具 are written as 是 [i.e., "are"], not as 非 ["are not"]; the other passages [in the text] are as in the present text], there are two explanations. One says: Among the seven, the first two outflows are the *substance* of outflows, while the latter five are the *full [possession]* (i.e., conditions/causes) of outflows — and the causes and conditions for generating outflows are collectively described as "outflows." Another says: The first one is the substance of outflows, and the latter six are the full [possession] of outflows. The reason for this is: because of the existence of the seeing afflictions,