英語訳
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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror — Eliminating Obstacles Chapter
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(Continued from the previous page) ...these are called the "ten scatterings (*十散動*)." For an extensive explanation of their names and meanings, see the explanation in fascicle fourteen of the *Abhidharmasamuccaya* (*対法論*). Furthermore, the "Chapter on Distinguishing Obstacles (*弁障品*)" of the *Madhyānta-vibhāga* (*弁中辺論*, "Treatise on Distinguishing the Middle from Extremes") explains eight categories of obstacles: (1) the five [types] beginning with "complete division" (*具分*), (2) the nine [types] beginning with "craving" (*愛*), (3) forty types of obstacles beginning with "without prior application" (*無加行*), (4) ten types of obstacles beginning with "arising" (*生起*), (5) seven obstacles arising with respect to the seven dharmas such as the four foundations of mindfulness (*四念住*), (6) ten obstacles arising with respect to the ten perfections (*十度*), (7) ten obstacles arising within the ten dharma-realms (*十法界*), and (8) eleven types of obstacles representing the comprehensive meaning of all the obstacles explained above. These various obstacles are not of a single type, hence [they are] called "various obstacles (*諸障*)." For further detail, see the explanation there.
Regarding "The text: 'The ninth [latent tendency]: the supporting ground (*所依*),' up to 'for non-bodhisattvas, the latter [extends] to the three realms and eight grounds and so on' ": Regarding "the latter [extending to] the three realms and the body of eight grounds": "eight grounds" refers to the eight lower grounds, excluding the ground of neither-perception-nor-non-perception (*非想地*). Above the pinnacle of existence (*有頂*, *Bhavāgra*), there are no further grounds or places. Because of this, [beings there] have no [motivation of] longing for what is above and weariness of what is below; hence in their dependent body (*依身*) there is no meaning [or function] of suppressing (*伏*) afflictions. Question: For what reason does elimination (*断*) extend through nine grounds while suppression (*伏*) extends only through eight grounds? Answer: Although there is a wholesome [cultivation] path (*善道*) in the pinnacle-of-existence ground (*有頂地*), since the power of weariness [of that state] is weak, one cannot suppress [afflictions]. Only by giving rise to the uncontaminated [path] (*無漏*) of a lower [realm] can one first eliminate the afflictions of that ground. Hence the *Vijñaptimātratā Chapter* (*唯識章*) says: "Elimination of afflictions [occurs across] nine [grounds]; contemplative observation (*遊観*) [extends across] ten [grounds]." By this principle, the path of elimination (*断道*) [extends across] nine grounds, while suppression extends only through eight grounds.
Regarding "The text: 'Bodhisattvas eliminate afflictions,' up to 'ordinary [beings] are not so' ": Bodhisattvas' suppression of afflictions extends through bodies of the three realms. Pre-stage (*地前*) bodhisattvas are born in the formless realm (*無色界*) — like Bodhisattva Vipaśyanā (*毘鉢舍那菩薩*) and so on — hence their elimination extends only to the desire (*欲界*) and form realms (*色界*). Those above the [first bodhisattva] stage (*地上*) are not born in the formless realm, hence [this limitation applies]. "Holy bodhisattvas (*聖菩薩*)" refers to bodhisattvas who have entered the [bodhisattva] stages (*入地*). "Ordinary bodhisattvas (*凡菩薩*)" refers to pre-stage sudden-enlightenment bodhisattvas (*地前頓悟菩薩*). In this particular passage, only the meaning of elimination (*断*) is explained, without discussing the meaning of suppression (*伏*). However, in principle,
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one could also speak [of suppression]. The text is abbreviated, hence this is so.
Regarding "The text: 'After the general explanation, [distinguishing] the individual [explanations],' up to 'hence extending to those grounds' ": Regarding "distinguishing the elimination of the two obstacles (*二障*) and so on" — the term "obstacle (*障*)" is a general word, but the meaning is distinct [for each]. Among the three vehicles: the two vehicles (*二乗*) eliminate only the affliction obstruction (*煩悩障*) and do not eliminate the cognitive obstruction (*所知障*). Bodhisattvas completely eliminate both obstructions. [The text] here speaks only in general terms, hence it says "two obstacles." "Three [great] continents (*三天下*)" refers to [the three continents found] among the four continents, excluding only the Northern Continent (*北洲*, *Uttarakuru*). Since the beings there have long lifespans and are wholly sunk in pleasure, with the most inferior capacity for weariness, they are incapable of eliminating afflictions — hence that continent is excluded. Regarding "extreme distress (*極戚*) is not [found in] evil destinies, etc." — this is the text of fascicle sixteen of the *Mahāyāna-saṃgraha-bhāṣya* (*顕揚論*, *Prakaraṇāryavācā-śāstra*). Although evil destinies (*悪趣*) possess superior weariness [of saṃsāra], they lack a superior supporting [body]. Although the upper realms possess a superior supporting [body], they lack strong weariness. Only the six heavens of the desire realm and the humans of the three [continents] together possess both capacities; hence they are able to enter direct realization (*現観*, *abhisamaya*). Regarding the terms "distress (*戚*)" and "joy (*欣*)" — the *Yogācārabhūmi* (*瑜伽論*), fascicle sixty-nine, says: "Consciousness associated with painful feeling is called 'distress (*戚*)'; consciousness associated with pleasant feeling is called 'joy (*欣*).' " For an extensive explanation of the distinctions, see the explanation in that fascicle. The remaining passages can be understood [from the text itself].
Regarding "The text: 'If [one] eliminates innately-arisen [afflictions],' up to 'because [it is] born at the place of wisdom (*智処生*)' ": If the sages of the two vehicles eliminate innately-arisen afflictions (*倶生惑*), [this] extends through the bodies of the three realms and nine grounds. "Nine grounds" means: the desire realm as one ground, and each of the upper two [realms — the form and formless realms] as four [grounds each], making nine in total. This does not mean [one counts] the six [grounds] of the form realm and the three [grounds] of the formless realm combined as nine grounds. "Bodhisattvas have two meanings, etc." — the two meanings are precisely the two meanings of gradual (*漸*) [enlightenment] and sudden (*頓*) [enlightenment]. These are not different explanations. The reason is as follows: there are two types of bodhisattvas. The circuitous gradual-enlightenment [bodhisattvas] extend [their existence] through the desire and form realms. Those who turn their minds [from the two vehicles] toward [the Mahāyāna] and retain their bodies in the birth-and-death of transformation (*変易生死*) extend through both realms. This corresponds to the second master's view in the *Vijñaptimātratā-śāstra* (*唯識論*), and is precisely the correct interpretation. Question: If the retained body of the person of indeterminate [lineage] (*不定性*) extends through two realms, why does fascicle eighty of the *Yogācārabhūmi* (*瑜伽論*)
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say that "the retained body in the birth-and-death of transformation is [found] precisely on this continent"? Answer: Although the *Yogācārabhūmi* says "retaining the body on this continent," it does not say "only in the desire realm," thereby excluding other realms — hence this is not a definitive proof. Furthermore, [the text] says only "this continent" without saying "no other continent." Could there really be no [retained bodies] on other continents? Therefore [this passage] does not contradict [our] principle. [Bodhisattvas who] truly go [there] with sudden enlightenment rely solely on the fourth meditation of the form realm (*色界第四靜慮*, the fourth *dhyāna*). The twelfth fascicle of the *Daśabhūmika-sūtra* (*十地経*) [Note: fascicle twelve (folio twenty-four left) — what follows seems to be a paraphrase; the text below □ is a quotation in *Enpi* (*演祕*)] says: "As the benefit of the latter retribution (*後報*), one is born at the place of wisdom (*智処*) of Maheśvara (*摩醯首羅*)." Hence, for those various [advanced] persons who are not [ordinary] sentient beings (*異生*), there is no receiving of the birth-and-death of transformation with a body of the desire realm. Since one cannot die and then be reborn again in the palace of the Great Self-Existent [Deity] (*大自在宮*), upon reaching the eighth [bodhisattva] stage (*第八地*), the body must necessarily be born in the fourth *dhyāna* heaven. After obtaining a superior body, one then receives the supremely excellent body of transformation [i.e., the *parināmikakāya*]. Hence the old [transliteration] says "Maheśvara (*摩醯首羅*)"; now one should say "Mokheiyīshīfǎluó (*莫醯伊濕伐羅*)." This translates [into Chinese] as "Great Self-Existent (*大自在*)." That is to say, above the Pure Abode Heavens (*浄居天*) there is a true Pure Land. This is precisely [the realm of] the reward body (*受用身*). The [bodhisattva] first awakens to realization there. This is the palace of the tenth-stage bodhisattva. This is exclusively the land of enjoyment for others (*他受用土*). The tenth-stage bodhisattva's reward body (*報身*) goes there. However, since the retribution body (*異熟身*) and [the reward body] are of the same ground, the treatise speaks of this as "being born." In actuality, the receiving of the transformation [body] occurs while [the bodhisattva] is in the lower three heavens — not yet having been born in the Pure Land. Going there [now] is therefore called "being born." This is as explained in the seventh fascicle of the *Commentary on the Vijñaptimātratā-śāstra* (*唯識論疏*) [Note: Commentary (*疏*), fascicle seven, end (folio fifty-eight right); Secret Commentary (*祕疏*) fascicle six, root text (folio twenty-nine left)]. Question: According to the *Daśabhūmika* commentary, as the benefit of the present retribution (*現報*), one receives the buddha-position (*仏位*). As the benefit of the latter retribution (*後報*), one is born at the place of wisdom of Maheśvara (*摩醯首羅*), and so on. What is the meaning of "present retribution (*現報*)" and "latter retribution (*後報*)"? Answer: When practice reaches completion in the present life and one directly realizes the fruit of buddhahood, this is called "present retribution (*現報*)." The previous practices [of earlier lives] serve only as distant causes. Therefore the buddha-position is not called "latter retribution." The bodhisattva's subsequent body [in a future life] is caused by karma from before the [bodhisattva] stages (*地前*) — hence it is called "latter retribution (*後報*)." The holy person (*聖者*) does not create karma that will bring forth a subsequent [life].
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Hence the subsequent-body bodhisattva is called by the name "wisdom (*智*)" [i.e., "born at the place of wisdom"]. Because wisdom is supreme, wisdom is used to designate the name. This bodhisattva who dwells (*処*) within that heaven is called "born at the place of wisdom (*智処生*)." "Place (*処*)" means "a place of peaceful dwelling (*安処*)." This is as explained in fascicle six of the *Enpi* (*演祕*).
Regarding "The text: 'Those of indeterminate [lineage] who go [there],' up to 'because [they do] not [belong to] the formless realm' ": Concerning those of indeterminate nature (*不定性*) who turn [toward Mahāyāna] and retain their bodies, fascicle seven of the *Vijñaptimātratā-śāstra* (*唯識論*) presents two masters' views. One [master] says: All [practitioners] of the two vehicles who turn toward the bodhisattva [path], after the desire realm, draw forth and produce the uncontaminated [path (*無漏*)]; through the power of vows they retain their bodies, which are therefore exclusively in the desire realm. Since there are no such mind-turning sages in the upper realms, the condition (*縁*) for the initial arousal of the [bodhi-]mind (*初発心*) exists only in the desire realm; in the upper realms there is no condition for the initial arousal of mind. However, at the time of attaining buddhahood, [they] ride on the power of supernatural penetrations and go to the Palace of the Self-Existent [Deity] (*自在宮*), and then attain buddhahood — not through being reborn again [in a physical body]. The other [master] says: In the form realm (*色界*) too, there are śrāvakas (*声聞*) who turn toward [the bodhisattva path]. Only those of the first and second fruits (*初二果*) and pratyekabuddhas (*独覚*) are excluded. [This is] because their arousal of the [bodhi-]mind in the upper realms has no [appropriate] condition. The commentary (*疏*), fascicle seven, says: "Among these two views, although there is no [scholar] who has evaluated [and decided between] them, the acceptance or rejection is left to one's own judgment." [The claim that] the present text says "[extending] to two realms" — [this makes] this [second master's] view correct. How can [this] conflict [with the *Yogācārabhūmi*]? Answer: Since the treatise makes no determination, one leaves [the decision] to one's own judgment. However, upon examining the teachings and principles, the second master ['s view] is superior — hence it is now taken as correct. In [the discussion of] "eliminating the cognitive obstruction (*所知障*)," saying "two realms and five grounds (*二界五地*)" means: combining the desire realm's one ground and the form realm's four grounds makes five grounds. [It is] in the bodies of these five grounds that the cognitive obstruction is eliminated.
Regarding "The text: 'Second: the ground of dependence (*依地*),' up to 'because [afflictions] do not arise' ": There are two [sections] in the text. The first clarifies the distinctions in suppression (*伏*). The latter, [beginning with] "if one is truly eliminating," clarifies the distinctions in elimination (*断*). This [current passage] is precisely the first [section]. Regarding "the six grounds of the form realm (*色界六地*) and so on": within the affliction obstruction (*煩悩障*), suppression extends through ten grounds — namely the six grounds of the form realm and the four grounds of the formless realm. The six grounds of the form realm (continue...)