英語訳
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One hundred and twenty-eight
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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror — Eliminating Obstacles Chapter
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One hundred and twenty-eight
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(Continued from the previous page) ...because [one] contemplates the noble path (*聖道*). If [one] does not contemplate, [one] immediately loses [it]; if [one] contemplates, [one] does not lose [it]. Those of the "guarding lineage" (*護法性*) use directed attention (*作意*) to guard and sustain [the noble path], fearing the loss of dwelling in present-life bliss (*現法楽住*). If [one's mind] becomes scattered and negligent and [one] fails to guard, [one] immediately loses [it]; if [one] is not scattered, is not negligent, and guards [it], [one] does not lose [it]. "Abiding in the immovable" (*住不動*): whether [one's mind] is scattered or not scattered, whether [one has] the power to sustain or not, [one] never loses dwelling in present-life bliss, and yet cannot transform dull faculties (*鈍根*) into sharp faculties (*利根*). [Such a person] is called "abiding in the immovable." "Excellently progressing" (*勝進*): whether scattered or not scattered, [one] never loses dwelling in present-life bliss, and will certainly be able to transform [one's] faculties and reach the immovable [stage]; hence [one] is called "certainly excellently progressing" (*必勝進*), also called "capable of transforming faculties" (*堪能転根*). One who has arrived at [the stage of] "the immovable" (*不動*) — [the word] "immovable" [Note: the character "故" here is probably a redundant character] refers to [the fact that one] has already achieved sharp faculties (*利根*). Whether scattered or not scattered, [one] will ultimately never lose dwelling in present-life bliss and will be absolutely unmoved by afflictions (*煩悩*); hence [one] is called "immovable." Sharp-facultied [lineage] is only one [kind], while dull-facultied [lineages] are divided into five. Hence six types are formed. The reason for this is that the sharp-facultied [lineage] has no further distinctions and is established as one type; namely, the immovable dharma [lineage] cultivates and realizes [its nature] in accordance with its original nature and has no further distinctions. The dull-facultied lineages have many distinctions in their meanings, so they are separately divided into five types. Those who neither progress nor fall back are established as one type called "abiding in the immovable" (*住不動*). Those capable of reaching [the sharp-facultied stage] and advancing upward, and those who refine their faculties, are established as one type called "capable of reaching" (*堪達*). The "falling-back lineage" (*退法*) is one type whose lineage-nature is most inferior; though they possess all [the necessary] conditions, they certainly fall back. The "contemplating lineage" (*思法*) is one type: if [they] can contemplate well, [they] do not fall back; if [they] do not contemplate, [they] immediately fall back. The "guarding lineage" (*護法*) is one type: even without contemplating [against one who would] harm [them], [they] do not fall back and lose [their attainment], but [if they are] negligent [they] fall back; if [they are] not negligent, [they] do not fall back. These six types comprehensively exhaust [all those who have attained] the fruit of the worthy one (*応果*, arhatship). According to the Sarvāstivāda [Note: *Mahāvibhāṣā* fascicle sixty-two (folio four right); *Abhidharmakośa* fascicle twenty-five, beginning], among the six types, the "immovable dharma" (*不動法*) is opened into two. Those who are originally immovable are called "the non-falling-back" (*不退*), and those who have achieved [immovability] through refining their faculties are called
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"the immovable" (*不動*). Hence among those who have attained the fruit [of arhatship], seven lineages (*七種姓*) are established. The details are as in the *Abhidharmakośa*. The present [text's] statement "abiding in the immovable" (*住不動*): the "non-falling-back" [lineage] is also called "abiding in the immovable" with respect to the fourth [kind of the] dharma of abiding (*住法*); but [the present text] does not take that [meaning] — it exclusively uses the sixth [type] and calls it "abiding in the immovable." Regarding "the falling-back lineage (*退種姓*), namely the falling-back dharma (*退法*) etc." — this passage is somewhat obscure. "The falling-back lineage" means the falling-back dharma (*退法性*). Among the four natures of the contemplating-dharma (*思法*), guarding-dharma (*護法*), abiding-dharma (*住法*), and certainly-excellently-progressing (*必勝進*), there are two [sub-]kinds. First, those [who possess these natures] inherently rather than through refining faculties are called "original nature" (*本性*). Second, those [who belong to another] lineage but may attain [these natures] through refining faculties are called "the contemplating-dharma etc. [attained through transformation of] possible lineage" (*容姓思法等*). Among the four [natures], those who [possess them] as their original nature will absolutely not fall back. If a person of the falling-back dharma (*退法*) lineage refines [their] faculties and progresses to achieve the contemplating-dharma etc., this is [a case of] "falling back" [from the original lineage classification]. In order to make clear this distinction, [the text] says "those of original nature do not fall back; those of the falling-back dharma who progress and achieve [a higher nature] do fall back." The details are as stated in the *Xiǎngyáng [shèngjiào lùn]* (*顕揚聖教論*) and others [Note: *Xiǎngyáng* fascicle three (folio twelve right); *Abhidharmasamuccaya* fascicle thirteen (folio ten left)].
Regarding "The text: 'Mahāsāṃghika (*大衆部*) and others,' up to 'because it is not so, [they] fall back' ": The intention of this school (*大衆部*) is to say: the first fruit (*初果*, stream-entry) eliminates all afflictions merely through a single uncontaminated [wisdom of] the path of seeing (*見道*), and has not yet supplementarily cultivated [the path of meditation]. Moreover, within their bodies, afflictions are not yet exhausted; the noble dharmas cultivated are not yet complete; and the noble path attained is not yet firm. Therefore it is possible to fall back. However, the principle of the fourth fruit (*第四果*, arhatship) is contrary to this. How could there be falling back? Question: "Do the second and third fruits (*第二・第三果*, once-returning and non-returning) fall back or not?" Answer: "If, as with the first fruit, there is also falling back, there is no doubt about the principle. Hence [the text] briefly omits [the explanation]." Question: "In the Sarvāstivāda school, the path of seeing is very swift and there is no [possibility of] emerging from meditative observation. Does the Mahāsāṃghika also admit this doctrine?" Answer: "In the Mahāsāṃghika school, even within the position of the path of seeing, there is [the possibility of] emerging from meditative observation. [This is] like the elder Sudatta (*須達*) [Note: the account of the elder appears in the *Ekottarāgama* (*増一阿含経*) fascicle thirty-three, and in the *Xīyùjì* (*西域記*) fascicle six (beginning, left)]: when [he] was on one occasion distributing food and making offerings to the Saṃgha,
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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror — Eliminating Obstacles Chapter
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in the sky there was a divine voice (*天語*) saying: 'This one is a stream-enterer-aspirant (*預流向*). This one is a stream-enterer (*預流果*).' And so on, explained at length. Since it is already admitted that the stream-enterer-aspirant (*初向*) receives the offering of food, it is clearly established that [in the Mahāsāṃghika school] one may also emerge from the meditative observation of the path of seeing (*見道観*). Although [the practitioner] contemplates the principle of the four truths (*四諦*) with a unified mind, if afflictions are not yet exhausted, [one] may also emerge from meditative observation. [This works] as follows: first, [one] contemplates the principle of the four truths of the desire realm (*欲界*) and eliminates the afflictions of the desire realm, then temporarily emerges from meditative observation to receive Sudatta's offering, and afterward enters [meditative observation] again and together eliminates [the afflictions of] the upper [realms]. Hence the stream-enterer-aspirant (*預流向*) also abides for a long period of time [in that position]. The *Mahāvibhāṣā* (*大毘婆沙論*), fascicle one hundred and thirty-one, also contains this matter. However, that text says "Elder Uttara (*鄔揭羅長者*) offered food to the Saṃgha" — it does not say "Sudatta offered food to the Saṃgha." [One] should open the treatise and examine [this point].
Regarding "The text: 'Now, [concerning] the noble ones (*聖*) of the Mahāyāna,' up to 'the *Yogācārabhūmi* is also thus' ": In the present [context of] the Mahāyāna, what is eliminated by the noble path (*聖道*) will certainly not fall back. As for what is suppressed (*伏*) by arousing the mundane path (*世道*), there is [the possibility of] falling back again. Hence the *Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra* (*涅槃経*), fascicle four, "Chapter on the Nature of the Tathāgata" (*如来性品*), says: "Although an ordinary person (*凡夫*) eliminates afflictions, because [those afflictions,] once eliminated, arise again, [this elimination] is called 'impermanent' (*無常*)." The present [text] refers to that passage — namely that the wisdom of an ordinary person is called "the mundane path" (*世俗道*). "The *Yogācārabhūmi* is also thus": the *Yogācārabhūmi* fascicle fifty-one says: "Falling back has two kinds. First: falling back from elimination (*断退*); second: falling back from abiding (*住退*). 'Falling back from elimination' applies only to ordinary beings (*異生*). 'Falling back from abiding' applies to both ordinary beings and noble ones. If [one] eliminates afflictions by means of mundane transcendence (*世間通*), [those afflictions] arise again and present themselves." And so on, broadly explained. The present [text] refers to that passage; hence [it] says "the *Yogācārabhūmi* is also thus." Question: "In the Mahāyāna school, if [one] eliminates [the] seeds [of afflictions] by means of the noble path, one will certainly not fall back — so how should the passage in the *Chutai jing* (*処胎経*, *Garbhāvakrānti Sūtra*) be reconciled? For the *Chutai jing*, fascicle five, 'Chapter on Practice' (*行品*), says: 'Some sentient beings (*衆生*), while heading toward pratyekabuddhahood (*辟支仏*), fall back again and descend into the state of an ordinary person (*凡夫地*). Some sentient beings, while heading toward arhatship (*阿羅漢*), fall back again and descend into the state of an ordinary person.'"
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"And so on, broadly explained. 'Some sentient beings, while heading toward stream-entry (*須陀洹*), fall back again and descend into the state of an ordinary person. Some sentient beings, from the dharma-stage (*法地*, non-returning) fall back and descend into the state of an ordinary person. Some sentient beings, from the faith-stage (*信地*) fall back and descend into the state of an ordinary person,' etc. The details are as that [text] explains. If [one] says that that sūtra is speaking about falling back from dwelling in present-life bliss (*現法楽住*), and not about falling back from [spiritual] fruits (*退果*), then why does [the text] say 'descends into the state of an ordinary person'?" Answer: "Because the appearance of falling back resembles that of an ordinary person (*凡夫*), [the text] says 'descends into the state of an ordinary person.' Why is this so? A dull-facultied ordinary person may lose their dwelling in the various meditative absorptions' present-life bliss. When a time-liberated noble one (*時解脱聖*) loses dwelling in bliss, the appearance [of this loss] is similar [to that of an ordinary person]. Hence [the text] says 'descends into the [state of an] ordinary person' — it does not mean falling back from [spiritual] fruits. This principle is still difficult. Scholars should reflect on it."
Regarding "The text: 'The lineages such as the falling-back [lineage],' up to 'because [the suppression is] suppression through the contaminated' ": "The falling-back and other lineages are established in dependence on the obstruction to [meditative] concentration (*定障*) etc." — the six natures of the falling-back [lineage] and others are all established in dependence on the obstruction of faculties (*根障*), the obstruction of ignorance (*無知*), and the obstruction of concentration (*定障*). Therefore [they] fall back only from the meditative absorption of present-life bliss, and not from [spiritual] fruits. Hence the *Yogācārabhūmi*, fascicle twenty-six, says: "Based on what is the distinction of falling back and not falling back established with respect to persons (*補特伽羅*, *pudgala*)? Namely: because of falling back, the time-liberated arhat (*時解脱阿羅漢*) is established — for such a person there is the possibility of losing dwelling in present-life bliss. Because of not falling back, the immovable-dharma arhat (*不動法阿羅漢*) is established — for such a person there is definitely no loss of dwelling in present-life bliss. This is the distinction." From this it is clearly understood: [noble ones] fall back only from [dwelling in meditative] bliss, and do not fall back from [spiritual] fruits.
Regarding "Like Śāriputra (*舎利弗*), up to 'even at the sixth mind of the ten faiths (*十信*) one may still fall back, etc.' ": According to the *Ten Abodes Sūtra of the Severing of Fetters* (*十住断結経*), one may progress from the first abode (*一住*) to the fifth abode (*五住*) and then fall back to the first abode. Later, from the first abode [one may progress] to the fifth or sixth abode, and thus, passing through sixty kalpas (*六十劫*), still not reach the stage of non-retrogression (*不退転地*). Śāri[puta ...]