英語訳
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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror — Eliminating Obstacles Chapter
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(Continued from previous page) ...called "emptiness and non-self" (*空無我*), which is the common characteristic (*共相*) of all dharmas — because the substance of emptiness and non-self is that of non-existence (*無*), it can serve as the expressive means (*方便之詮*) for suchness (*真如*); hence, following the expression (*詮*) of the two emptinesses (*二空*) as expedient means, since [this] is so named, suchness is also spoken of and named as "common characteristic." Or [alternatively], it is explained: "Suchness is what is revealed by the two emptinesses — it is not the two emptinesses themselves. The two emptinesses are of themselves the common characteristics of all dharmas, because all dharmas are without selfhood." Therefore, the suchness revealed by the two emptinesses has its own substantial body (*実体*), and that is precisely particular characteristics (*自相*).
Regarding "The text: 'This master's intent says,' up to 'is not common characteristics' ": This is text added by the chapter author (*章家*). The term "expedient means" (*方便*) refers to the position of the preparatory mind (*加行心*) before entering meditative concentration (*定*). One first abides at this position [Note: the twelve characters beginning with "先住" (*first abiding*) are absent in one edition] and cognizes common characteristics; thereafter, upon entering the state of concentration, one cognizes only particular characteristics and does not cognize common characteristics. Hence the preceding position [of the preparatory mind] is called "expedient means." According to this master's intent, all minds of meditative concentration (*定心*) cognize only particular characteristics, because they are direct perception (*現量*). However, that it is said that the mind of meditative concentration cognizes common characteristics is due to its being able to eliminate afflictions (*煩悩*); and thus, what the *Abhidharmasamuccaya* etc. says — that "comprehensive-engagement mental attention (*惣縁作意*) eliminates afflictions" — is said with respect to the expedient means [preliminary stage], and therefore there is no contradiction. These two preceding positions [the first and second masters] are both not the correct teaching.
Regarding "The text: 'The third master says,' up to 'all are called direct perception' ": From this point onward, the third master expounds the correct teaching of the treatise master (*論主*). "That treatise on epistemology (*因明論*) etc." — [this refers to] the *Nyāyamukha* (*正理門論*) and the *Nyāyapraveśa* (*入正理論*), neither of which contains an extensive passage discussing the two characteristics. The *Nyāyamukha* merely says: "For the purpose of expounding to oneself, there are only direct perception and inference. Since things like analogy (*声喩*) and so on are subsumed within these, there are only two valid cognitions (*二量*). Through these, particular and common characteristics can be cognized; hence apart from these
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two, there is no separate object of cognition, and no need to establish further valid cognitions to know them." The current reference to "that treatise on epistemology" (*彼因明論*) probably refers to the *Pramāṇasamuccaya* (*集量論*), [the work] by Dignāga (*陳那*). The reason we can know this is that Master Mài (*邁法師*) says: "The particular characteristics and common characteristics posited in that epistemological treatise, the *Pramāṇasamuccaya*, differ somewhat from this sūtra [i.e., the *Buddhabhūmi* sūtra]. According to that treatise's explanation, all the real meanings (*実義*) belonging to impermanence (*無常*), suffering (*苦*), etc., on [the level of] all dharmas, are each attached to [their respective] substance (*体*), and are all called particular characteristics (*自相*). This is because each particular and common characteristic of the various dharmas is attached to its own substance and is not shared with others (*不共他*). For example, just as the characteristic of resistance (*礙の相*) of the form-base (*色処*) is the particular characteristic of form, while suffering, impermanence, etc., are the common characteristics of form — even though, with respect to form, these are divided into particular and common characteristics, each is still attached to the substance of form and is not shared with sounds [Note: "声" (*sound*) is written as "趣" (*direction/tendency*) in one edition] etc. Therefore, the particular and common characteristics of form are, in the *Pramāṇasamuccaya*, all called particular characteristics (*自相*) and are entirely subsumed within direct perception (*現量*). If, in the discriminating, scattered mind (*分別散心*), one posits a single class (*種類*) as the signifier (*能詮*) and designates suffering, impermanence, etc. as the signified (*所詮*), then the meaning of suffering, impermanence, etc. follows the signifier and appears in the discriminating scattered mind. Therefore, this suffering, impermanence, etc. also pervades all eleven bases (*十一処*), just as a single thread strung through many flowers causes all the flowers, following the thread, to be together called common characteristics (*共相*). This is a conceptual designation (*仮立*) by discriminating scattered mind, and is the object of inference (*比量の境*). All minds of meditative concentration, whether of ordinary beings or sages, all leave this discrimination behind and are entirely called direct perception (*現量*). The details are as explained in that master's commentary on the *Buddhabhūmi* treatise (*仏地論疏*)."
Regarding "The text: 'Although [one] cognizes all dharmas,' up to 'neither identical nor different, hence' ": "Although one cognizes suffering, impermanence, etc. of all dharmas etc." means: even though one cognizes suffering, impermanence, etc. belonging to the eleven bases of all dharmas, at each and every base there are [their own] suffering, impermanence, etc., each attached to the dharma-substance (*法体*); hence this impermanence is called particular characteristic (*自相*). Although suchness (*真如*) is revealed by the two emptinesses' [concept of] non-self (*無我*),
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[because suchness is] the own true nature (*自の実性*) of all dharmas, it has its own substantial characteristic (*体相*) and is also not a common characteristic. Nor can one, on account of suchness (*真如*) being neither identical nor different from all dharmas, call suchness the common characteristic of all dharmas. Particular characteristics (*自相*) are also neither identical nor different from all common characteristics; hence one cannot say that particular characteristics are common characteristics, just as the characteristic of resistance (*障碍の相*) of form is a particular characteristic which is also neither identical nor different from common characteristics such as impermanence — hence [one cannot identify them].
Regarding "The text: 'The meaning of this passage says,' up to 'because [one] can cognize it' ": "[Viewed as] what is altogether revealed by our common characteristics" — this presents (*標*) the common-characteristics observation (*共相観*) of the [*Buddhabhūmi*] sūtra on the grounds (*地経*). "What is individually verified, the substance is particular characteristics" — this presents the particular-characteristics observation (*自相観*) of epistemology (*因明*). "Thus it can universally be said that both observations are able to eliminate [afflictions]" — this comprehensively reveals the intent of both the *Buddhabhūmi* treatise and epistemology. "What can express [suchness] is the common characteristic, etc." — this further clarifies the above intent. If one follows this teaching, particular and common characteristics already have two interpretive approaches (*二門*). If one follows the sūtra's account of particular and common characteristics, one should say: "The observation cognizing common characteristics completely eliminates all afflictions." Since the observation of impermanence (*無常観*) can ably eliminate delusion, "comprehensive-engagement mental attention (*惣縁作意*) eliminates delusion" is precisely this meaning. If one follows the epistemological account of particular and common characteristics, one should say: "Only the particular-characteristics observation ably eliminates afflictions, because all minds of meditative concentration cognize particular characteristics."
Regarding "The text: 'Below the [passage from the] *Pratītyasamutpāda* Sūtra (*縁起経*),' up to 'hence there is no contradiction' ": This is a reconciliation of the apparent contradiction. "[In a single moment of] thought (*一刹那中*) and below" is the chapter author's text. If, following epistemology, only the particular-characteristics observation ably eliminates afflictions, why does the *Pratītyasamutpāda Sūtra* say: "The holy wisdom of absolute truth (*真諦聖智*) is comprehensive characteristics and comprehensive cognition (*惣相惣縁*); hence it is called instantaneous direct realization (*頓現観*)"? Therefore the text now reconciles this, saying: "If the one-moment wisdom of dharma-forbearance (*法忍*) [is regarded as] deriving from the prior preparatory [path], it is called comprehensive-characteristic cognition (*惣相縁*). This is because at the prior preparatory position one
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produces the mental act (*行相*) of emptiness and non-self." This is thus a reconciliation of the text of the *Pratītyasamutpāda Sūtra* based on epistemology (*因明*). Within the *Buddhabhūmi* treatise, however, there is no passage citing the *Pratītyasamutpāda Sūtra* to reconcile the contradictory text. What is meant by "the *Buddhabhūmi* reconciles it by itself" is what the *Buddhabhūmi* treatise, fascicle six, says: "Therefore, in that treatise [i.e., the *Pramāṇasamuccaya*], the real meanings (*実義*) present in all dharmas are all called particular characteristics. This sūtra [i.e., the *Buddhabhūmi* sūtra] is not the case. Hence there is no contradiction." Master Mài says: "Therefore that epistemological treatise, explaining all the real meanings present in all dharmas, each attached to its own substance, calls them all particular characteristics. This sūtra is not so: just as suffering, impermanence, etc. in the eleven bases, while not being [all] one, still have suffering, impermanence, etc. shared between them (*彼此相*) and are therefore called common characteristics." In the *Buddhabhūmi* treatise, both the epistemological intent and the sūtra-of-the-grounds intent are raised, and [the *Buddhabhūmi*] reconciles them itself. Hence there is no contradiction.
Question: "What is the difference between the two characteristics (*二相*) as explained in the *Buddhabhūmi* treatise, the *Vijñaptimātratāsiddhi* (*唯識論*), and the epistemological treatise (*因明論*)?" Answer [Head note: Huizhao's commentary refers to the *Bugue Yilin* (*補欠義林*); the relevant passage appears below at folio thirty-four, left]: Master Huizhao (*慧沼師*) says: "In the *Buddhabhūmi* treatise's intent, the dharmas of the five aggregates (*五蘊*) etc. are called particular characteristics (*自相*), and suffering, impermanence, etc. are called common characteristics (*共相*). In the *Vijñaptimātratāsiddhi*, what carries the verbal expression (*名言の詮*) is called common characteristics, and what cannot be verbally expressed is called particular characteristics. In the epistemological treatise, what is general (*通*) is called common characteristics, and what is specific (*局*) is called particular characteristics. There are four pairs (*四対*) [of distinctions] here in explaining the two characteristics, as explained in the [chapter on] elimination (*断*) [of the *Yilin zhang*]."
Regarding "The text: 'Question: these afflictions,' up to 'because of the bondage of the object of cognition' ": This question is raised based on the *Yogācārabhūmi* fascicle fifty-nine. "From what standpoint is [the elimination] called elimination?" — this asks about the ground (*所従*) of elimination. That is, among associative bondage (*相応縛*) and objective bondage (*縁縛*), from which standpoint is it called "elimination"? The *Shu* (*疏*, commentary), fascicle ten, says: Question: "Here, what is called 'elimination' — does it mean eliminating objective bondage (*縁縛*), or eliminating associative bondage (*相応縛*)?" Answer: "As for the障所知 [obstructions to knowledge],