英語訳
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One hundred and thirty-four
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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror — Eliminating Obstacles Chapter
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One hundred and thirty-four
【Upper Section】
(Continued from previous page) ...one says only that "the gross impediment (*麤重, dauṣṭhulya*) is eliminated." Because its substance is not of the nature of bondage. As for the afflictive obstruction (*煩悩障*), elimination is spoken of from both [kinds of bondage]. As in [*Yogācārabhūmi*] fascicle fifty-nine: "Because [it is considered] from both associative bondage (*相応縛*) and cognitive-object bondage (*所縁縛*), the afflictions are what should be eliminated," etc., and so on in extensive explanation. The *Xiǎngyáng lùn* (*Propaedeutic Treatise, Mahāyānasaṃgraha-upanibandhana*) says: "As for the ground from which elimination proceeds (*断所従*): this refers to eliminating the various afflictions from the standpoint of the object of cognition (*所縁境*). Having eliminated the afflictions with respect to the object of cognition, since [the mind] is no longer in bondage, the various associated dharmas (*相応法*) also follow [the afflictions] in being eliminated." This is exactly the same [teaching as the present text]. Master Jǐng [Note: Lúnjī fascicle seventeen, upper, folio ten, right] says: "According to the lesser treatises (*小論*, Abhidharma works), if one merely eliminates the cognitive-object bondage (*縁縛*), the non-binding of [the mind to] former objects is called the elimination of delusion. Since affliction and mind accompany one another throughout the three times (*三世*) and cannot be separated, the associative bondage (*相応縛*) is not eliminated [in this account]. Now in the Great Vehicle (*大乗*), dharmas of the past and future do not exist; only present binding exists. When the holy path (*聖道*) arises, the mind-dharma (*心法*) associated with affliction no longer arises — this is called elimination of associative bondage. Having eliminated associative bondage, the one who no longer cognizes the object is said to have eliminated cognitive-object bondage. Furthermore, when in former times one gave rise to the two kinds of bondage, the formation of seeds through perfuming (*熏成*) is called 'having the two bondages.' When one now eliminates the seeds, this is called elimination of both bondages."
Regarding "The text: 'This text, relying on elimination,' up to 'and thus [attaining] liberation-in-both-respects (*倶解脱*)' ": This is the chapter author's text. "This text relies on the explanation of eliminating the afflictive obstruction, etc." means: when the present text says "the elimination of the two kinds of bondage — associative bondage and cognitive-object bondage" (*相応所縁二種縛断*), this is explained relying on the common elimination of the afflictive obstruction across the three vehicles (*三乗*). The elimination of characteristic-bondage (*相縛*) and gross-impediment bondage (*麤重縛*) relies mostly on the bodhisattva's simultaneous elimination of both obstructions (*二障*).
Question: "What is the distinction between characteristic-bondage (*相縛*) and gross-impediment bondage (*麤重縛*)?"
Answer: The *Dacheng Jī* (*大乗基*, i.e., Kuījī / Cí'ēn 窺基) says: "All conditioned (*有漏*) wholesome, neutral, and unwholesome minds etc. all possess an aspect-image part (*相分, nimitta-bhāga*) arising from discrimination. This aspect-image is capable of binding the mind — but this is not to say that characteristic-bondage (*相縛*) is identical to [the mind's] grasping [at objects].
【Lower Section】
As for gross-impediment bondage (*麤重縛*): it is the non-latent nature (*不隠性*) of all conditioned [dharmas] and is the same as the conditioned gross impediment (*有漏麤重*) explained in [*Yogācārabhūmi*] fascicle fifty-eight [Note: (fascicle number note, folio sixteen)]."
Question: "If even a [mental image] aspect (*相*) that is not [the result of] grasping is also called 'capable of binding,' then the aspect-image of the subsequently-attained wisdom (*後得智*) should also be capable of binding."
Answer: "That subsequently-attained wisdom can cognize all aspects only after the outflows (*漏*) have been eliminated, and all [such cognition] constitutes verified understanding (*証解*). Conditioned [dharmas] are not like this, and therefore they are capable of binding perception (*見*)."
Question: "If all conditioned dharmas are capable of binding the perceiving part (*見分*), they should all be called characteristic-bondage. If so, does the self-verifying part (*自証分*), when it cognizes the perceiving part, bind the self-verifying part?"
Answer: "There are two positions. One says: yes, it also binds — because it is of the class of conditioned [dharmas]. One says: it does not bind — because it is not the same as the perceiving part cognizing an aspect [that is an external object]. The details are as explained in the *Weishi lun Shu* [Note: *Shu* fascicle nine, final section, six (folio fourteen, left); *Yào* lower volume, folio twenty-six, left] fascicle nine." Furthermore, the *Shūyào* (*Vijñaptimātratāsiddhi* Essentials) says: "The manas (*末那識*) is the root of the mind's bondage."
Considering this intent now: if the substance of cognitive-object bondage (*縁縛*) rests solely on the afflictive obstruction (*煩悩障*), and the substance of characteristic-bondage (*相縛*) rests on dharma-grasping (*法執*) as the basis for explanation, then when this [dharma-grasping] is extinguished, one is liberated from characteristic-bondage. If so, the wisdom of [realizing] emptiness of self (*生空智*), being simultaneous with dharma-grasping, should be properly designated as characteristic-bondage. Through this, it is comprehensively shown that associative bondage (*相応縛*) and cognitive-object bondage (*所縁縛*) are eliminated across all three vehicles, while characteristic-bondage (*相縛*) is eliminated only by bodhisattvas. If [characteristic-bondage] is due to dharma-grasping, then the two vehicles' (*二乗*) observation of the emptiness of self (*生空観*) should also have characteristic-bondage. The details are as explained in that [*Shūyào*] text.
Regarding "The text: 'Question: what is the sequence,' up to 'the gross impediments of the body' ": This is the seventh question, raised based on [*Yogācārabhūmi*] fascicle fifty-nine. Within this [passage] there are two [sections]: the first clarifies the sequence by which ordinary beings (*異生*) separate from obstructions; the second clarifies the sequence by which noble ones (*聖者*) separate from obstructions. This is the first [section]. Among the first [section on] ordinary beings, four obstructions are indicated. First, the obstacles of the householder (*在家*) are eliminated; next, the obstacles of the renunciant (*出家*) are eliminated. Having obtained renunciation, wishing next to cultivate meditative concentration (*定*), one should separate from the obstacles to that concentration — namely the ruminations (*尋思*) concerning dependents (*眷属*), etc. Next, [one] separates from the obstacles to concentration [Note: the character "定" is absent in one edition; Lúnjī fascicle seventeen, upper, folio eleven, left, has "近" (*approaching concentration*)], since one has not yet attained the six kinds of mental attention (*作意*) within the access concentration (*未至定*); for a short while [one must] eliminate the gross bodily impediments (*身麤重*) etc. that obstruct the attainment of [those] mental attentions. What is here called "the three kinds of rumination concerning dependents, etc." — the *Yogācārabhūmi* fascicle eighty-nine says: "With a mind harboring defilement, one reaches toward the land [of one's home country] (*国土*), gives rise to and sends forth inner speech (*意言*), and follows along and turns with it — this is called 'rumination concerning the land' (*国土尋思*). With a mind harboring defilement, one reaches toward relatives (*親戚*), gives rise to and sends forth inner speech, and follows along and turns with it — this is called 'rumination concerning kinsfolk' (*親里尋思*). With a mind harboring defilement, one reaches toward one's own benefit (*自義*), procrastinating and dawdling, hoping to obtain [it] in a future time, gives rise to and sends forth inner speech, and follows along and turns with it — this is called 'rumination about deathlessness' (*不死尋思*)."
Regarding "The text: 'Next, eliminating the path of seeing,' up to 'should eliminate the two obstructions' ": The above [section] clarified the separation from the obstacles that are expedient means toward the holy path (*聖道方便障*). This next clarifies the sequence in which noble ones (*聖者*) eliminate obstructions. That is: first the delusions to be eliminated by the path of seeing (*見惑*) are eliminated, then the delusions to be eliminated by the path of cultivation (*修惑*) are removed. When both seeing-delusions and cultivation-delusions are exhausted, the obstructions of the inherent nature (*性障*) belonging to the family of undefiled concentration (*無漏定*) are then removed. Next, the event-obstructions (*事障*) are removed — these belong to the obstructions in superior concentration (*勝定*) related to the non-pliable (*不調柔*) nature of the five [kinds of] feelings (*五受*). These concentration-obstructions are one portion of the obstruction-to-knowledge (*所知障*). The treatise below [Note: Lúnjī fascicle seventeen, upper, folio eleven, left, text refers to fascicle fifty-nine, folio six, left onwards] says: "Having eliminated the obstruction-to-knowledge (*所知障*) through the eight liberations (*八解脱*), [one then] eliminates the concentration-obstacles — this is for the person who seeks the Great Vehicle (*大乗*). Next, one should eliminate and sever all the obstructions belonging to the category of the obstruction-to-knowledge." That text says: "Next, there is furthermore one *pudgala* (person) who should eliminate all the obstructions belonging to the category of the obstruction-to-knowledge. By this sequence, [one] should eliminate the afflictions." That the present text says "one should eliminate both obstructions" (*応断二障*) also involves no contradiction.
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One hundred and thirty-five
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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror — Eliminating Obstacles Chapter
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One hundred and thirty-five
【Upper Section】
Regarding "The text: 'Question: [how do] the path of seeing and the path of cultivation [eliminate afflictions],' up to 'broadly demonstrated' ": This is the eighth question, raised based on [*Yogācārabhūmi*] fascicle fifty-nine. Therefore that text says: "In eliminating the various afflictions, is [the elimination] simultaneous (*頓*) or gradual (*漸*)?" If one follows that treatise's order, the question of simultaneous vs. gradual comes first, then the question of sequence. Here [the author] takes the opportunity to ask about simultaneous vs. gradual after [having already discussed sequence]. That treatise's commentary says: "Afflictions eliminated by the path of seeing (*見断煩悩*) are eliminated simultaneously (*頓断*), not gradually. Why? Because by means of the wisdom of direct realization (*現観智*), one directly realizes the [four] truths (*諦*) — thereby one is able to eliminate the afflictions that are to be eliminated by the path of seeing. However, this direct realization is associated with the mental attention that embraces and cognizes the truths (*懐縁諦作意*). Therefore, through three [kinds of] minds (*三心*), all the afflictions of the category to be eliminated by seeing — [namely those] that are confused about the truth of suffering, etc. — are simultaneously eliminated. The afflictions eliminated by the path of cultivation (*修断煩悩*) are eliminated gradually (*漸次*). Only through repeated cultivation of the path is one able to eliminate [them]." These various meanings will be broadly demonstrated in the chapter on the path of seeing (*見道章*).
【Lower Section】
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