英語訳
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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror - Great Elements and Derived Matter Chapter
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First, [it] distinguishes essence according to the three natures of dependent-other, etc. Second, [it] distinguishes essence according to the five dharmas of characteristics, names, etc. Third, [it] distinguishes essence regarding defiled and undefiled. Fourth, [it] distinguishes essence based on the three natures of wholesome, etc. [This should be] understood as the text [indicates]. Regarding this brief indicative record, among the five dharmas, [derived forms] are subsumed under two dharmas of characteristics (*lakṣaṇa*) and correct wisdom (*samyagjñāna*):
Question: *Yogācārabhūmi* fascicle seventy-two says: "Question: Among these five things, how many are form, how many are mind, how many are mental factors, how many are mind-dissociated formations, and how many are unconditioned? Answer: Characteristics pervade all five types. Names are only mind. Mind-dissociated formations, discrimination, and correct wisdom are common to mind and mental factors. True suchness is only unconditioned." Great element derived forms are already form-dharmas, so how can [it] now say "[they] are subsumed under correct wisdom among the five dharmas"?
Explanation: Correct wisdom has two [types]: first, exclusively supramundane correct wisdom; second, both mundane and supramundane correct wisdom. The first is the wisdom of fundamental direct experience (*mūlajñāna*); the latter is subsequently attained wisdom (*pṛṣṭhalabdhajñāna*). Within subsequently attained wisdom there are two approaches: first, the approach of perceiving-subject and perceived-object (*darśana-bhāga* and *nimitta-bhāga*); second, the approach of expressing-capacity. If according to the first approach, great element derived forms are all subsumed within the perceived-object aspect (*nimitta-bhāga*). Following the perceived-object aspect along with the perceiving-subject aspect, [they] are all included in the perceiving-subject aspect (*darśana-bhāga*). Within the perceiving-subject aspect, there is also correct wisdom, hence saying "[they] are subsumed under correct wisdom."
Question: If so, the third [factor of] discrimination also has perceiving-subject and perceived-object [aspects]. Why does [it] not say "subsumed under discrimination"?
Explanation: Now [we are] contrasting with the two natures of dependent-other and perfectly accomplished, indicating two things: namely characteristics and correct wisdom. The matter of discrimination only takes mind and mental factor dharmas of the three realms. This is only dependent-other and does not pervade perfectly accomplished. Undefiled correct wisdom pervades both natures, hence [it is] singled out for indication. Or, some say: The undefiled precepts (*śīla*) etc. that coexist with correct wisdom are produced by great elements. Now in discussing the retinue [dharmas], [we] follow the principal in speaking, hence saying "[they] are subsumed under correct wisdom."
From "defiled great-element produced" to "provisional-nature pervades three [natures]": This text is precisely the explanation of the previously indicated four approaches. "Defiled
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great-element produced" pervades both scattered [ordinary mind] and concentrated [samādhi]. "Undefiled great-element produced" is only concentrated, not scattered, because undefiled mind must always be in concentration. "Defiled derived forms are exclusively neutral in nature (*avyākṛta*)": This is intrinsic neutrality (*svabhāva-avyākṛta*). *Abhidharmasamuccaya* fascicle four says: "The entirety of the eight elements and eight bases, and a portion of the remaining aggregates, elements, and bases, are neutral. The eight elements means the five form faculties and the elements of smell, taste, and touch. The eight bases are likewise." These derived forms now are subsumed within the eight elements and eight bases, hence saying "exclusively neutral in nature." This judges their nature based on real nature. If according to provisional nature, [they] are also common to the three natures. The remaining text should be understood [accordingly].
From "therefore *Yogācārabhūmi* six" to "the real is exclusively neutral": This cites a text to verify the textual intent of what was stated above, namely that "defiled derived forms are exclusively neutral" and "provisional-nature pervades three [natures]." However, upon examining *Yogācārabhūmi* fascicle sixty-four, this text is entirely absent there. The beginning of that fascicle says: "Through observing what is to be relied upon by five methods, one can then take refuge: first because of purity of bodily karma; second because of purity of verbal karma; etc." And lower in that [fascicle] it says: "Moreover there are five types of conduct: first, bodily conduct; second, verbal conduct; third, mental conduct; etc."
Explanation: "Purity of bodily karma, etc." indicates wholesome bodily karma and wholesome verbal karma. Reversing this reveals unwholesome body and speech. When this text now says "form, sound, and manifest form (*vijñapti-rūpa*)," the meaning lies here. [We] only take the textual intent to explain the doctrinal purport, hence saying "form, sound, and manifest form provisionally pervade wholesome and unwholesome." If not so, the cited text would be quite discrepantly contradictory. Also *Yogācārabhūmi* fascicle fifty-four says: "Question: The wholesome and unwholesome forms perceived by eye and ear — by what cause and condition do they attain wholesome etc. nature, while other forms do not? Answer: Through the three grades of thought (*cetanā*) — the thought of preparatory action (*prayogacetanā*), the accompanying thought (*saha-cetanā*), and the culminating thought — thereby capable of initiating either wholesome or unwholesome bodily and verbal manifest karma (*vijñapti-karman*)." Master Ji's (*Kuiji's*) commentary
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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror - Great Elements and Derived Matter Chapter
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says: Through the initiation of three [types of] thought, form and sound become wholesome or unwholesome manifest [karma]. This is based on manifesting (*vijñapti*) wholesome or unwholesome [actions], not that the essence itself is wholesome or unwholesome. The remaining smell, taste, etc. are not initiated by these three thoughts, hence they do not attain wholesome or unwholesome nature. The intent of what is cited here is also the same.
From "non-disclosure is already provisional" to "derived forms pervade the provisional": This is the text of the chapter's author. "Non-disclosure (*avijñapti*) is already provisional, etc.": If prātimokṣa non-disclosure (*prātimokṣa-avijñapti*), it is provisionally established upon the seed of thought (*cetanā-bīja*). If samādhi and path non-disclosure, it is provisionally established upon present (*sāmpratika*) thought. Hence saying "non-disclosure is already provisional." The two types of non-disclosure — prātimokṣa and samādhi-path — are exclusively and solely wholesome. Whereas unwholesome-conduct non-disclosure (*dauḥśīlya-avijñapti*) is exclusively unwholesome nature, hence saying "[it] allows pervading wholesome and unwholesome."
"Great elements are exclusively real; derived forms pervade the provisional": This is precisely the sixth approach — distinguishing essence based on provisional and real. That great elements are exclusively real should be understood in its meaning. [But] that derived forms [have] provisional and real [aspects] is difficult to discern in meaning. Hence [we] now cite texts to clarify these distinctions. *Abhidharmasamuccaya* fascicle one says: "Derived forms (*nirmita-rūpa*) means the five faculties beginning with eye, form, sound, smell, taste, a portion of the tangible, and forms included in dharma-base." Among these eleven bases, excluding the five faculties beginning with eye, each of the remaining six types of forms has both provisional and real [aspects].
Forms have twenty-five [types], from blue through the one clear color of space. Among the twenty-five, blue, yellow, red, and white are the four that are really existent; the rest are all provisional. Sounds have eleven [types], from pleasant to non-noble-speech sounds. Among these, pleasant, unpleasant, and mutually contradictory each have a small portion. The small portion of the cause-non-receptive is provisional; the rest are all real. Smells have six types, from good smell through changed smell. These six are all real, as there is no text saying smells also pervade the provisional. Tastes have twelve [types], from bitter through changed taste. Since there is no text saying [they are] provisional, [they] are all really existent. Tangibles have twenty-
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two [types], from smooth through vigorous. These derived tangibles are all provisionally existent. Dharma-base forms have five [types], from extremely brief form (*atyanta-sūkṣma-rūpa*) through forms produced through sovereign power (*vaśitā-rūpa*). Among these, the first four are exclusively provisional. The fifth, concentration-result form (*samādhi-phala-rūpa*), pervades both provisional and real. If forms of the concentrations of [those with] dignified power are real; while provisional-imagination concentration forms (*kalpanā-samādhi-rūpa*) of bodhisattvas, śrāvakas, pratyekabuddhas, etc. are provisional. Among derived forms, provisional and real differ, hence saying "derived forms pervade the provisional." As extensively [discussed] in the *Abhidharmasamuccaya* Commentary fascicle one.
From "explanating the name" to "named great elements": Masters Ji's and Jing's two commentaries do not explain this text. Only Dharma Master Fan explains this text, saying: This text first explains "great" (*mahā*), then explains "element/seed" (*dhātu*/*bīja*). Saying "its nature is great" — the three [aspects] of essence (*svabhāva*), characteristic (*lakṣaṇa*), and function (*kriyā*) can only be called "nature." That is, the four beginning with earth — their essence is broad and expansive, their form-characteristics are wide, their operational functions are great. Saying "because [they] serve as elemental seeds for production" — this explains the meaning of "element/seed." Namely, [they serve] as causal seeds of production, etc. for the two [types of] derived [forms]. "Seed" pervades both current manifestation (*pravṛtti*) and latent impressions (*vāsanā*). Hence the *Vijñaptimātra* treatise explains that current manifestation is also named "seed." Or [they] are named "four great elements" (*catvāri mahābhūtāni*). "Element" (*dhātu*) has the meaning of cause and the meaning of nature. Both "seed" and "element" are the meaning of nature. As extensively [discussed] in that master's *Abhidharmasamuccaya* Commentary.
From "great has four meanings" to "because its function is great": These four meanings of "great" are all from the *Abhidharmakośa* text. Hence that treatise's first fascicle says: "These four elements are also named 'great elements.' Because they are what all other forms depend upon in nature; because their essence is broad and expansive; or because in accumulations where earth etc. are predominant, the form-characteristic is great; or because [they] give rise to various great operational functions." Dharma Master Guang (*Puguang*) says [in his commentary, fascicle one, last section]: Among these four meanings, "what other forms depend upon" is the capacity to