英語訳
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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror - Great Elements and Derived Matter Chapter
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[the meaning of] production — this is precisely the explanation of "element/seed." The remaining three meanings all explain the "great" meaning. As explained in that commentary. The intention of the present chapter's author is that these four meanings all explain the "great" meaning. Hence saying "great has four meanings." Regarding "[first,] because [they serve] as the foundation, etc.":
Question: Regarding the four great elements and derived forms, where [are they] and in what sense are they said to be "the nature that serves as foundation"?
Explanation: *Mahāvibhāṣā* fascicle one hundred and twenty-seven says: "One view holds that [they] are below, serving as cause. This is because the dharma that serves as foundation should be so. Question: If so, for forms that are immediately adjacent, it can be said [they] are the producers. But for those at a distance, how could [they] produce? Answer: It is not said that all the great elements belonging to a single tree are entirely below it, producing all the derived forms. Rather it is said that each portion of a single tree has great elements below [inside] and derived forms above [outside]. Another view holds that [they] dwell intermingled: great elements being below [inside] and derived forms in the middle [outside]. Question: If so, when cutting [a tree], gaps should be visible, just like when a lotus root is cut. Answer: Although there are gaps, they cannot be seen. Because the great elements are not visible [to the eye]. The gaps that are visible are derived forms."
"Second, because the essential nature is broad, etc.": Each individual derived form has four great elements — this is the meaning of breadth [*kuāng* 寬]. The *Vibhāṣā* says: "The essence-characteristic-form-measure pervades all directions and accomplishes great tasks — this is the meaning of great."
"Third, because the form-characteristic is great, etc.": Such as great earth and great mountains where earth is predominant; great rivers and great seas where water is predominant; blazing furnaces and fierce flames where fire is predominant; black winds and swirling winds where wind is predominant — this is the meaning of great in terms of form-appearance.
"Fourth, because [they] give rise to great functions, etc.": Such as the three calamities of fire, water, and wind which, in their respective sequence, can destroy the first, second, and third dhyānas. This is the meaning of great function in terms of destroying the world. Earth can uphold and sustain the world — this is the meaning of great function in terms of forming the world. Hence saying "the function of forming and destroying the world is great." The *Vibhāṣā* says: "[They] serve as the foundation for great accumulations of derived forms, causing [them] to be destroyed and causing [them] to be formed — this is great activity."
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From "element/seed means the meaning of cause" to "because the categories are distinct": "Element/seed means the meaning of cause, etc." is precisely what *Yogācārabhūmi* fascicle three says: "because [they serve] as elemental seeds for production." This explains the meaning of causal seed — namely, [serving] as the causal seed of production etc. for derived [forms]. "Seed" pervades both current manifestation (*pravṛtti*) and latent impressions (*vāsanā*). Now, based on current manifestation, the meaning of causal seed is explained. This is precisely the foundation-production (*āśraya-utpatti*) among the five types of production. It also pertains to the ability-to-depend and that-which-is-depended-upon characteristic and the activity characteristic among the five characteristics. As explained in *Yogācārabhūmi* fascicle fifty-four and *Xianyang lun* (*Mahāyānasaṃgraha-śāstra* by Asaṅga) fascicle five. Also *Mahāvibhāṣā* fascicle one hundred and twenty-seven says: "Question: What is the meaning of 'seed/element'? Answer: Capable of decreasing and increasing, capable of diminishing and benefiting, having arising and ceasing in its essence — this is the meaning of 'seed/element'." [This] distinguishes permanent dharmas to explain the meaning of "seed." As extensively [discussed] in that text. "Because the categories are distinct" means the four categories of earth, water, fire, and wind are distinct.
According to transmitted accounts, as explained above, among the four meanings of "great": the first two are based on the great elements as nature (*svabhāva*), and the latter two are based on the great elements as phenomena (*artha*). The first three are common to all four great elements. The latter one, excluding earth, is common to the remaining three. Also in that record, discussing the Hīnayāna school, it says: forming the world is only water and wind; destroying the world, excluding earth, is common to three. Earth is what is supported [the foundation], hence [it does not destroy]. The rest is as in that record. [The claim that] the latter two are explained based on the great elements as phenomena — its reasoning is not yet clear. In the Mahāyāna Master Ji's (*Kuiji's*) *Abhidharmasamuccaya* Commentary and in this chapter, without distinguishing nature and phenomena, the meaning of "great" is explained in general. On what basis can one know the latter two are based on phenomena? Furthermore, the forming and destroying of the world is the great power of nature; how could this great function arise based on phenomena-great? Hence it is known that this [account] is mistaken.
From "although empty space is great" to "this is precisely a conjoined-essence explanation": "Although empty space is great, etc." — this distinguishes other
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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror - Great Elements and Derived Matter Chapter
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dharmas to explain the name "great elements." *Mahāvibhāṣā* fascicle two hundred and twenty-seven says: "One view: [it is stated] to refute what the non-Buddhists (*tīrthika*) say. That is, the non-Buddhists say the great elements are five — the previous four plus empty space. Now explaining only four clarifies that empty space is not a great element. Question: Why is empty space not established as a great element? Vasubandha (*Vasumitra*) explains: Because empty space lacks the characteristics of a great element. That is, having increase and having decrease are the characteristics of great elements; having no increase and no decrease is the characteristic of empty space. Having diminishment and having benefit are the characteristics of great elements; having no diminishment and no benefit is the characteristic of empty space. For this reason, empty space is not established as a great element. Ghoṣa (*Ghosaka*) explains: Empty space and great elements have mutually different characteristics. That is, the great elements within sentient beings' bodies are mostly produced from the karmic fruition (*vipāka*) of prior karma. The essence of empty space has no meaning of being produced from karmic fruition. For this reason empty space is not established as a great element. The Venerable One (*Bhadanta*) says: Although empty space is great, its essence is not a seed. Because [it] cannot produce. Other conditioned dharmas, although capable of serving as seeds, are not great as seeds. Because their characteristics do not pervade. For this reason empty space is not established as a great element." In the present chapter, [the author] agrees with the Venerable One's position. "The remaining various dharmas are neither great nor seeds" refers to derived forms, etc.
Question: If so, the single clear color of space (*ākāśa-ekarūpa-varṇa*) has characteristics that pervade the [five] aggregates — how is it not great?
Explanation: Although the single clear color of space is great in characteristics, it lacks the remaining three meanings, hence it is not a great element.
From "the name 'derived form'" to "the derived is precisely form": *Xianyang lun* fascicle five extensively explains the four types of establishment of the form aggregate. The citation here of "depending upon great elements, etc." is precisely the explanation of the second — production-establishment (*utpatti-vyavasthāna*) — being the text on the first of five types of production, namely, foundation-production (*āśraya-utpatti*). Hence that text says: "Production-establishment has five types of production: (1) foundation-production, (2) seed-production, (3) momentum-production, (4) compatible-benefit production, (5) adverse-
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damage production. Foundation-production means: depending upon and resting on great elements, precisely at the location of great elements, other derived forms that exist are produced. Because of this cause, it is said that the four great elements produce derived forms." The remaining four productions are as the treatise extensively explains. The reason for citing this text is precisely to manifest two types of explanation. "Depending upon great elements (*āśraya mahābhūta*)" — this illuminates the dependent-principal explanation (*tatpuruṣa* compound). "Other derived forms are produced" — this clarifies the activity-held explanation (*karmadhāraya* compound). That is, first [the text] cites a textual proof, and then clarifies the two explanations. If not so, what doctrinal proof does the cited text have? "The derived is precisely form" is the chapter author's text. It clarifies the meaning of activity-held (*karmadhāraya*). In the cited text, the meaning of dependent-principal (*tatpuruṣa*) is relatively easy to understand from the textual appearance — precisely "depending upon great elements" is this. The activity-held meaning is somewhat obscured in text. Now explaining according to difficulty, hence saying "the derived is precisely form." This text is profound. Students should contemplate it.
From "fascicle fifty-four says" to "dependent-master as designation": Below "named 'production'" is supplementary text added by the chapter's author and is not the treatise's own text. *Yogācārabhūmi* fascicle fifty-four and *Xianyang lun* fascicle five both equally explain the five productions. What is now called "this is the meaning of upholding in one place" refers to the final text of foundation-production. This precisely explains the meaning of "producing" (*nirmāṇa* / *kṛta*). Because the meaning of "upholding" (*saṃgṛhīta*) is the meaning of "producing." That is, it is the meaning of the holding cause (*dhāraṇa-hetu*) among the five causes. *Xianyang lun* says: "Being subsumed in one place is the meaning of producing." The intent is also the same. *Mahāvibhāṣā* fascicle one hundred and twenty-seven says: "Question: What is the meaning of 'produce' (*kṛ*)? Is it the meaning of cause or the meaning of condition? Whatever the answer, what fault [arises]? Faults can be seen in both. If it is the meaning of cause — then these four great elements, with respect to derived forms, have none of the five causes [without confusion]. How could one say they produce various forms? If it is the meaning of condition — then for all derived forms, excluding each one's own essence, all remaining dharmas without exception are dominant conditions (*adhipatipratyaya*). How could one say only the great