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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror — Great Elements and Derived Forms Chapter
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One hundred and forty-six
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[only say that they are] produced by the great elements?" Answer: One should put it this way: "producing" (*zào* 造) is the meaning of "cause." Although [the four great elements do] not [function as] the five causes such as the homogeneous cause [*sabhāgahetu*] etc., there are separately the other five kinds of causal meanings — namely the five causes of production, foundation [*āśraya*], establishment [*vyavasthā*], sustaining [*dhṛti*], and nourishment [*puṣṭi*]. (End of treatise text.) If following the Mahāyāna, both "produced by cause" and "produced by condition" are obtainable, thus [the term] extends to the meaning of condition as well.
Master Fàn [範師] says: In the term "that which is produced" (*suǒzào* 所造), "producing" (*zào*) has the meaning of "making/acting" (*zuò* 作); "cause" (*yīn* 因) is that which is capable of making (the agent); "fruit" (*guǒ* 果) is that which is made (the result) — this reading is also acceptable. "The derived is precisely form" (*suǒzào jí sè* 所造卽色) refers back to the above-cited text "other derived forms are produced." "Great-element-derived forms" (*dà suǒzào sè* 大所造色) refers back to the above-cited text "depending upon great elements." By this, the intent of the two explanations — the *karmadhāraya* (持業釈, activity-held) and the *tatpuruṣa* (依主釈, dependent-principal) — is thereby proved.
From "the individual names" to "this is the meaning of wind": *Yogācārabhūmi* fascicle fifty-four says: "The form aggregate has six characteristics: (1) individual characteristic (*svalakṣaṇa*), (2) common characteristic (*sāmānyalakṣaṇa*), (3) the characteristic of the supporting and the supported (dependent-relation characteristic), (4) the characteristic of enjoyment, (5) the activity characteristic, (6) the subtle characteristic. 'Individual characteristic' means: earth, etc., have solidity, etc., as their characteristic; eyes, etc., have each their own distinct pure form as their characteristic." (End of treatise text.) The remaining five are as in that text. Now saying "the meaning of solidity-firmness (*jiānjìng* 堅勁) is the meaning of earth, etc." precisely manifests the first of the six characteristics, namely the individual characteristic (*svalakṣaṇa*). The *Xianyang lun* (Demonstration of Valid Cognition Treatise, *Mahāyānasaṃgraha*) is also the same. However, when examining the *Yogācārabhūmi*, *Xianyang lun*, *Vibhāṣā*, *Abhidharmakośa*, *Abhidharmasamuccaya*, and other treatises, the texts differ slightly from one another, but their meanings are all the same. The text here that says "the meaning of solidity-firmness is the meaning of earth, etc." mostly draws from the *Abhidharmasamuccaya* text. Hence that text says: "The earth element is the nature of solidity-firmness (*jiānjìng-xìng*). ... The wind element is the nature of lightness-movement (*qīngdòng-xìng*)."
What is said here — "flows but is not wet" — refers to copper, iron, and similar [metals] when burned by intense fire, which then melt and become water [liquid]. There are also [cases of] "wet but does not flow," like water inside a jar. This text explains both instances (*jù jù* 俱句). Hence it says "flowing manifests [the water nature]."
As for "lightness etc. and the nature of movement" (*qīng děng dòngxìng* 輕等動性): in the *Abhidharmasamuccaya* text, it merely says "the nature of lightness-movement" (*qīngdòngxìng* 輕動性) without the character "etc." (*děng* 等). However, the *Abhidharmakośa* (fascicle one, folio nine verso) cites the *Prakaraṇapāda* (*Pǐnlèizú lùn* 品類足論) to prove the wind element in the passage about "movement as nature," saying: "What is called the wind element? It is the nature of lightness, etc., and movement." Now [the chapter] takes that text, hence the character "etc." is placed there.
Master Guāng [光法師, Puguang] says: "Lightness etc." means that although this is a derived tactile quality (*suǒzào chù* 所造觸), the essential nature of the wind element resembles lightness, hence "lightness etc." Although the essence of wind is movement, saying "light" is because the movement-nature of wind is subtle and difficult to know. Hence [one] draws on the characteristic of lightness to manifest the nature of movement — the meaning of manifesting the cause through the effect. Hence the *Nyāyānusāra* (*Zhènglǐ lùn* 正理論, fascicle four [or fascicle forty-two?], twenty-third folio) says: "That lightness [indicates] wind — this is citing the effect to manifest the cause; because it is the fruit of wind."
Question: If wind and fire increasing [together] produces lightness, why say only "wind is the cause of lightness"?
Explanation: Wind universally serves as the cause of lightness, but fire does not do so universally. Such as the case of willow catkins (*liǔxù* 柳絮) and similar things being lightly lifted and floating by wind — in such cases fire is not the predominant [factor]. Hence [one] separately raises "lightness" to specifically manifest the wind element.
From "that earth is precisely [a] great [element]" to "to be explained in the relevant chapter": This draws on the six types of grammatical analysis (*liù shì* 六釈) to clarify how [the names are] obtained.
"The individual names of derived forms — to be explained in the relevant chapter": Which chapter does this indicate? Explanation: The *Abhidharmasamuccaya* fascicle one says: "Derived forms (*nirmitarūpa*) are: the five sense faculties of eye, etc.; a portion of form, sound, odor, taste, and tangible objects; and form belonging to the *dharmadhātu* (*fǎchù suǒshè sè* 法処所攝色)." (End of treatise text.) That is, in that treatise, the text that separately explains "derived forms" has three sections: first, the five sense faculties; second, the five sense objects; third, form in the *dharmadhātu*. In the present chapter, only two chapters — the five sense faculties and *dharmadhātu* — are clarified, and the chapter on the five sense objects is abbreviated and not discussed. The reason for this is that Master Jī's (Kuiji's 窺基) *Abhidharmasamuccaya* Commentary, fascicle two, opens many categories and explains the meaning of the five sense objects. Since it is already extensively discussed there, this [text] merely abbreviates it. Now [the chapter author] indicates the five-sense-faculty chapter below, etc., hence saying "to be explained in the relevant chapter."
According to one view, the present chapter is named the "chapter on the producing great elements," and the title "Great Elements and Derived Forms Chapter" (*Dàzhǒng Zàosè Zhāng*) primarily marks the producing [side]. Subsequently, the "chapter on derived forms, etc." should be further expounded. Now [the author] points toward that. Hence saying "the individual names of derived forms — to be explained in the relevant chapter."
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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror — Great Elements and Derived Forms Chapter
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The latter view is difficult to interpret, therefore the former view is retained.
From "the five causes of production, etc." to "necessarily cannot arise": "As for derived forms ... because form does not arise" is text from the *Abhidharmasamuccaya*. Below "all derived forms" is the chapter author's own text. Regarding "production, foundation, establishment, sustaining, and nourishment causes, etc.":
Master Fàn says: "Among these five causes: 'production' (*shēng* 生) concerns that which has not yet arisen coming into being; 'foundation' (*yī* 依) concerns being based on the producing [great elements] and operating; 'establishment' (*lì* 立) concerns completing the fruit and undergoing transformation in accordance with the great elements; 'sustaining' (*chí* 持) concerns sustaining the fruit and causing it to abide; 'nourishment' (*yǎng* 養) concerns nourishing the fruit and causing it to grow. If applied to the six types of grammatical analysis: if these five causes are 'the cause of production,' this is a *tatpuruṣa* (dependent-principal) analysis. If 'production is itself the cause,' this is a *karmadhāraya* (activity-held) analysis. In the *tatpuruṣa* reading, 'production' belongs to the fruit; in the *karmadhāraya* reading, 'production' belongs to the cause. The remaining four [causes] are all the same." (End of treatise text.)
"Production cause is precisely the arising cause": Question: "Production" (*shēng* 生) and "arising" (*qǐ* 起) are different designations for the same thing. On what grounds are they identified?
Explanation: Master Fàn offers two explanations. First, using the meaning of "arising," [he] briefly explains the name "production," hence saying "the production cause is precisely the arising cause." Second, [he] identifies the *Yogācārabhūmi*'s "production cause" with the "arising cause" found in the original text (*běncáng* 本藏). The lower four [causes] are also the same. *Yogācārabhūmi* fascicle three also discusses the cause. The texts differ but the meanings are the same. As extensively discussed there.
"Although all derived forms arise from their own seeds, etc.": This is the chapter author's explanation of the meaning of "arising" in the *Abhidharmasamuccaya*.
From "*Yogācārabhūmi* fascicle three" to "explains this in the same way": Examining the original *Yogācārabhūmi* text, the wording appears somewhat different, but the chapter author takes the meaning and adorns the text. Hence there is no need for surprise. "Seeds of internal and external great elements and derived forms" refers to the various seeds — newly perfumed and originally existing — of the three realms and three moral natures. "Internal continuum-mind" (*nèi xiāngxù xīn* 内相續心) refers to the eighth consciousness (*ālayavijñāna*, storehouse consciousness). [The eighth consciousness] is called "continuum" (*xiāngxù* 相續) because the seven transforming consciousnesses (*qīzhuǎnshí* 七転識) are distinguished from it. Another interpretation: the body that serves as the support is called "continuum," namely the eighth
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mind abiding within the body — hence named "continuum-mind."
"First the great-element seeds must produce the great elements; only then can the derived-form seeds produce the derived forms": The *Vijñaptimātratā-siddhi* Commentary (*Chéngwéishí lùn shū* 唯識疏), fascicle one (according to examination: another edition, folio fifty-eight recto), says: "The aspect (*nimitta*, visible form) separately has seeds — why then is it called 'transformation of consciousness'? Because [it is] not separate from consciousness; because when consciousness transforms, the aspect then arises. As with great elements producing form — this [argument] refers to this text."
The reason for this is: the self-essence [portion] (*svabhāgaṃ*) and the aspect portion (*nimitta*) each arise from separate seeds — yet how can the aspect portion be said to be transformed by consciousness? Explanation: So long as the seeds of the consciousness-essence have not yet produced the manifestation of consciousness, the seeds of the aspect portion will never produce the aspect. The seeds of consciousness must first produce the manifestation of consciousness; only then can the seeds of the aspect portion produce the aspect portion. Because the self-essence of consciousness serves as the guide (*qiándǎo* 前導), it is said that [consciousness] is the transformer (*néngbiàn* 能変). For this reason the commentary says "like great elements producing form."
Question: If so, mind is the producing [factor] and the aspect is that which is produced. If this is admitted, can one then admit that mind is a great element?
Explanation: The mental dharma (*mǎnfǎ* 心法) does not possess all four meanings of the great element, hence it is not a great element. However, if applied to the meaning of "producing" (*zào* 造), mind can also be called "producing." Hence the *Avataṃsaka Sūtra* (Flower Garland Sutra) says: "All dharmas of the three realms are produced by one mind alone." The *Daśabhūmika Sūtra* (Ten Stages Sutra) also says: "All three realms are made by one mind alone." "*Zhī*" (之, "by it") and "*zào*" (造, "produces") have the same meaning.
"Because [it] serves as the guide, [it is] said that [the other] is capable of being produced" means: this is [the aspect portion] being sustained by that capacity to produce, thereby achieving its arising. Hence [it is] conventionally called "producing" (*zào*). By this it should be known: the five causes of production, etc., are only distant [causes], not proximate [causes]. When viewing [them] in relation to current manifestation (*pravṛtti* / *xiànxíng* 現行), [they function as] dominant conditions (*adhipatipratyaya* 増上縁).
"Fascicle sixty-six explains this in the same way": *Yogācārabhūmi* fascicle sixty-six says: "Question: Just as the four great elements require their own seeds to arise, derived forms are likewise [produced from their own seeds]. Why then is it said 'all derived forms are produced (*zào* 造) by the great elements'? Answer: If within the various sense faculties and body there are seeds of the great elements following along (*suízhuī* 随逐), then there are also seeds of derived forms following along. If the existing