英語訳
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One hundred and forty-eight
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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror — Great Elements and Derived Forms Chapter
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One hundred and forty-eight
【Upper Section】
When [the great element's] seeds are capable of producing their fruit, at that time necessarily, the seeds of derived forms (*nirmitarūpa*) that have been following along [the great elements] also produce their own fruit. Hence it is said "derived forms are produced by the great elements." (End of treatise text.) The wording differs, but the meaning is the same. Hence [the chapter] says "explains this in the same way."
From "Now one should ask" to "conventionally spoken of as produced by the great elements": The intent of this question is as follows. Only if one grasps the meaning of [the great elements] encompassing [derived forms] while being in one and the same location can one be said to "produce." If this is so, then only forms that are immediately identified with [physical] substance (*zhí* 質) should have "production by the great elements." Since *avijñapti*-forms (*wúbiǎosè* 無表色, unmanifest form) are already separated from the great elements, how can "production" be predicated of them? — such is the intent of the question.
"These follow what [thought] traverses [and] what [precepts] restrain, etc." constitutes the answer. "That which is traversed" (*suǒyóu* 所遊) means: the bodily and verbal actions that are produced are that over which thought (*cetanā*, 思) traverses; hence they are named "that which is traversed." Therefore the Commentary (*Shū* 疏), fascicle two (according to examination: second copy, folio 47 recto), says: "That is, the third thought [*cetanā*] is named 'path' (*mārga*) because it is what the preceding two thoughts traverse; namely, it has the meaning of [being] the object of contemplation and the meaning of being provoked/drawn forth — just as the body and speech are 'that which is traversed' by thought, etc." (End of commentary text.)
"That which is restrained" (*suǒfáng* 所防) means: all the transgressions of body and speech are restrained by the virtue of precepts (*śīla*); hence they are named "that which is restrained." *Avijñapti*-form in the scattered [non-meditative] state (*sàn* 散) is produced by following after the great elements belonging to those bodily and verbal actions that [thought] traverses and the transgressions that are restrained [by precepts]. This is merely "distant production" (*shū zào* 疎造), not "proximate production" (*qīn zào* 親造). Hence it is said: "conventionally spoken of as produced by the great elements."
Question: The great elements are of three kinds — namely *vipāka*-type (异熟, resultant-maturation), *upacaya*-type (長養, nourishment/growth), and *niṣyanda*-type (等流, outflow/homogeneous). Which of the three kinds of great elements produces *avijñapti*-form?
Explanation: Master Fàn says: "If [the precept belongs to] *dhyāna*-path (*dìngdào* 定道, meditation-path) precepts, [the precept] is conventionally established upon the thought (*cetanā*) associated with *dhyāna*-path as the meaning of preventing body and speech from manifesting [transgressions]. There is no separate form-substance of the bodily and verbal discipline (*kāyavāksamvara*), and hence 'production by the great elements' is not stated. If [the precept] is capable of drawing forth the manifestation of wholesome bodily and verbal actions, it is called 'meditation-path discipline (*dhyāna-mārga-saṃvara*),' and it can also be called 'production by equal-flowing and nourishing great elements.' If through the power of thought, maturation-resultant (*vipāka*) bodily and verbal [actions] are drawn forth and there is expressive movement, then this is the maturation-resultant great-element production of body and speech. Prātimokṣa-
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discipline (*prātimokṣasaṃvara*) in body and speech also follows this same explanation. The intent of the present chapter author is merely to follow 'that which is traversed' and 'that which is restrained' and to explain the reason why these three categories are conventionally spoken of as 'produced by the great elements.'"
"First, necessarily in the same location, etc.": In general, "production" (*zào* 造) is of two kinds. First, proximate production (*qīnjìn zào* 親近造), such as production immediately identified with substance. Second, distant production (*shūyuǎn zào* 疎遠造), such as production separated from substance. Now saying "necessarily in the same location" refers to proximate production. This must be real production, not conventional. It must be production of the same moral nature, not of a different nature. It must be production of the same class, not of a different class — because defiled (*sāsrava*, 有漏) and undefiled (*anāsrava*, 無漏) must necessarily be of the same class. It must be production within the same realm, not in a different realm. Meditative (*dìng* 定) and scattered (*sàn* 散) must be the same and not be different producing [great elements]. Similarly regarding the three times (*triyas*, worlds), production must necessarily be of the same time, not of a different time.
"Must be conventionally borrowed" (*bìjiǎjiè* 必假藉) refers to distant production. If "production" is conventionally predicated, then the loosely interdependent production is not blocked in any relevant case. [Whether] the three classes — maturation-resultant, nourishing, and equal-flowing — each become proximate-producers or interweave to produce one another, this is not blocked by principle either.
Master Fàn says: "If there is distant mutual reliance and borrowing (*yuǎn xiāng yóujiè*), all colors are produced from the great elements. If one looks at being in the same location and not being separated from one another, then [forms such as] separated wheel-light (*lí lún guāng* 離輪光), forms belonging to the *dharmadhātu* (*fǎchù sè* 法処色), and image-forms of the fifth and sixth consciousnesses — none of these are 'produced by the great elements.'" The meaning is the same as this. Presenting the overall meaning of the text: the producer and the produced do not separate from one another and exist in mutual dependence — this is precisely the meaning of "production." Yet *prātimokṣa*-precepts, etc., are already separated from the great elements — upon what basis can "production" be predicated? Hence now [the author] reconciles this, saying: "Non-separation (*bùlí* 不離) has two meanings. First, being in the same location is called 'non-separation.' Second, being conventionally borrowed [from another base] is called 'non-separation.' *Prātimokṣa*-precepts, etc., [are understood] in terms of the second meaning of non-separation through conventional borrowing, and thus are conventionally spoken of as 'produced by the great elements.' Separated sound, light, etc., are also all the same."
From "*Yogācārabhūmi* fascicle fifty" to "should be fully stated": The intent of citing this text is to prove that forms produced by superior meditation (*dhyānaphalarūpa*, 定果色) and similar [forms] are, in accordance with the second meaning of non-separation through conventional borrowing, conventionally spoken of as
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One hundred and forty-nine
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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror — Great Elements and Derived Forms Chapter
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(One hundred and forty-nine)
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"produced by the great elements." The statement here — "forms produced by superior meditative power solely depend upon superior meditation, not upon the great elements" — clarifies that there are no great elements that proximately produce [them] in the same location by mutual dependence. However, "from that which is conditioned by the kind-image (*zhǒnglèi yǐngxiàng* 種類影像) of those [great elements]" — this means that at the moment [of such production] one can have the meaning of distant mutual borrowing and distant production. Hence fascicle sixty-six says: "If the mind in meditation (*dhyānacitta*) meditatively contemplates the various material dharmas of the desire realm and images (*pratibimba*) arise, one should say these are produced by great elements of the desire realm. If the mind in meditation meditatively contemplates the various material dharmas of the form realm and images arise, one should say these are produced by great elements of the form realm." (End of treatise text.) This thus explains that through distant mutual conventional borrowing, one can also say "produced." Strictly speaking, it is also not the case that the [great elements] in the same location and not separated [from the derived forms] are said to be the producer. However, the text of fascicle fifty-four is inconsistent between its upper and lower portions. The upper text says: "By the power of superior meditation, great elements are first aroused, and thereafter derived forms arise through transformation." But the lower text says: "Forms produced by superior meditation solely depend upon superior meditation and do not depend upon the great elements, etc." How are these contradictory [passages] to be reconciled?
Explanation: In Master Jī's (Kuiji's) Commentary on the *Yogācārabhūmi* (*Gā Chāo* 伽抄; according to examination: fascicle fourteen, folio eight recto), there are two explanations of this [problem] (according to examination: "two" in another version is written as "three," which cannot be adjudicated; fascicle fourteen lower, folio thirty-five left is the same — the two explanations of the *Yogācārabhūmi* Commentary; or perhaps one should add "one explanation" from folio twenty-two right [saying] "so it is" [云爾]).
The first says: "'Does not depend on the great elements, etc.' — If applied to the same moment (*tóng niàn* 同念, i.e., the same instant), as in the case of the production of sense faculties, etc. (*gēn děng*, according to one version: *gēn jìng* 根境, sense faculties and objects), of the lower realm by great elements: when great elements are first [present], derived forms are [immediately] present too — this is named 'does not depend upon the great elements.' If derived forms also depend upon *samādhi* (三摩地, meditative concentration), then because of the preceding moment's class of great elements, they can also be called 'produced by the four great elements.' If [the form is] not a form of meditation (*dìng děng sè* 定等色), then great elements and derived forms are necessarily produced at the same time. But these great elements of meditation are produced at different times. The upper text's saying 'great elements are first aroused' means that in the preceding moment [the meditative mind] transforms [its appearance] into great elements, and only in the subsequent moment does it become derived forms — meaning that production does not occur in the same moment. Because [derived form] is named 'produced' on account of being born dependent upon [those great elements], this is the meaning of 'production by great elements.'"
The second says: "The upper text's 'great elements are first aroused' is based upon the real (*shí* 實) forms produced
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by meditation (*dhyānaphala*, 定果). For this reason, within meditation [the mind] transforms into great elements. However, the lower text's saying 'does not depend on the great elements' is based upon conventional (*jiǎ* 假) meditative forms. Because [they] must depend on real great elements to arise, one takes the great-element production that consists in the class-image forms of the *samādhi* prior to meditation. The rest is as explained there. The present [text] retains the first explanation."
Master Fàn says: "'Does not depend on the great elements, etc.' means that [these forms] are not produced through actually employing the four great elements within the tangible domain (*spraṣṭavyadhātu*, 触界). Hence it says 'depends on superior meditation, not on the great elements.' The upper text's saying 'great elements are first aroused, etc.' refers to the fact that within meditation, a great-element appearance (*dà xiàng* 大相) resembling the tangible domain (*sparśāyatana*, 触処) first manifests. Thereafter, just as a form-appearance manifests, one can also say that this manifested great-element appearance is the producer (*néngsào* 能造). Strictly speaking, this manifested great-element appearance is merely the manifest color (*xiǎnsè* 顕色, visible form) cognized by the relevant mind-consciousness (*manovijñāna*, 意識) as its object, and is only called 'great element' because it resembles the great elements of the tangible domain. More extensive [discussion] is as in that master's (Kuiji's) Commentary on the *Abhidharmasamuccaya*. The extensive explanation of this meaning is as in the section on the *dharmadhātu*-form chapter below."
From "Or again the five causes" to "therefore by reason of being a cause" (*suǒyǐ yīn gù* 所以因故): "The five causes do not pervade all [cases]" means: the five causes of production (*shēng* 生), etc., are all subsumed under dominant conditions (*adhipatipratyaya*, 増上縁), [and] some [cases] possess all five meanings while others do not; it is not determined that [all five] must be possessed. In the case of proximate production (production immediately identified with substance), necessarily all five causes are possessed. In the case of distant production (production separated from substance), not necessarily all five are possessed — as in the case of separated wheel-light, etc., because [they are] separated from the great elements.
As for "foundational cause" (*suǒyī yīn* 所依因): one view holds that this does not mean the "foundation cause" (*āśraya-hetu*, 依因) among the five [causes]. The producing great elements, with respect to the derived forms, are collectively named "foundational support" (*suǒyī* 所依). That is, [one] takes this meaning of being a foundational support and names it "cause." "Foundational support" is itself a "cause," hence named "foundational cause." How does one know this? Master Jī's Commentary on the *Yogācārabhūmi* (according to examination: fascicle two, first folio left) says: "Such things as sunlight (*rìguāng* 日光), independently traveling fragrance (*gúxíng xiāng* 孤行香), etc., are separated from the great elements." Since it already says "separated from the great elements," it is evident that [the text here] does not mean merely the "foundational cause" among the five [causes]. The present passage's textual context appears to discuss the "foundational cause," but examining the text of the Commentary on the *Yogācārabhūmi*, it is not necessarily so. Hence the Commentary on the *Yogācārabhūmi* says: "Some possess all five meanings, and some do not possess all five — it is not fixed that [all five] must be possessed. As above,