英語訳
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One hundred and fifty
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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror — Great Elements and Derived Forms Chapter
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One hundred and fifty
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...one can know [as stated above]. The expression "as stated above" refers precisely to the passage concerning sunlight, independently traveling fragrance, etc., being separated from the great elements. Hence it is known that this is not the "foundational cause" (*āśraya-hetu* 依因) among the five [causes]. Now I would argue otherwise. The lower text already states that "separated light, etc., lack the meaning of the foundational cause." Hence it is known [that this text is indeed discussing] the foundational cause among the five causes.
From "[the] foundational cause" to "without abiding in any separate location": In this passage, from "all derived forms are based upon the great elements, etc." onward is the text of the chapter author (*zhāngjia* 章家). Everything prior to that point ("from that point above") is the text of the treatise (*Yogācārabhūmi*). "This is precisely the transformative cause (*zhuǎn yīn* 転因)": There are two interpretations here. First, [one] takes the meaning of "transformation" (*zhuǎn* 転) to briefly gloss the name "foundational" (*yī* 依). Second, one takes the foundational cause of the *Yogācārabhūmi* and assigns/matches it to the transformative cause found in the *Abhidharmakośa* (*Bencáng* 本藏). That is, the meaning of the foundational cause, being based on that producer [great element] and transforming in accordance with it, is why it is called "precisely the transformative cause." "Because there is no capacity to abide in a separate location": All derived forms (*nirmitarūpa*) arise by being based upon the great elements; therefore, if they abandon the great elements, they have no separate place of abode. [The resolution of] the contradictory texts [will be given] as explained below.
From "*Yogācārabhūmi* fascicle three" to "hence named foundational cause": In this passage, the three characters "named foundational cause" (*míng yī yīn* 名依因) are added text by the chapter author. The remainder is entirely the text of the treatise. "Because derived forms, having arisen, transform without separating from the location of the great elements": This explains production immediately identified with substance (*jí zhì zào* 即質造). Among same and different congregations (*jù* 聚), [this is] production within the same congregation, not production across different congregations. Among real and conventional productions, this is real production, not conventional production. Among proximate and distant production, this is proximate, not distant. Among same and different realms (*jiè* 界), this is production within the same realm, not in a different realm. Among same and different moral natures (*xìng* 性), this is production of the same nature, not of a different nature. The reason for this is that [such things as] sunlight and independently traveling fragrance, etc., are separated from the great elements; [and] the precept-forms (*dìngdào jiè sè* 定道戒色) arising in the formless realm (*arūpadhātu*, 無色界) lack the four great elements. If [we] approach [this] from the perspective of distant [production] (*shū yì* 疎義), because there is a force that depends upon [the great elements], all cases possess the foundational cause.
From "If that is so, how [can this be reconciled]?" to "hence there is no contradiction": In this passage, from "Now, based on immediate substance" onward is the
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chapter author's text. Everything before that ("from that point above") is entirely the text of the treatise. Fascicle fifty-four says: "Furthermore, the light emitted outside the [solar] disk: the remaining great elements and fragrances, etc., are all unobtainable." (End of treatise text.) "The great elements and fragrances, etc., being unobtainable" — if following the Hīnayāna, all material forms of the desire realm necessarily cannot be separated from fragrance and taste. The Mahāyāna is not so, since there are cases where separation occurs. [Yet] this text conflicts with the "upholding cause" (*chí yīn* 持因) among the five causes — [the upholding cause] stating "because [they are] of equal quantity and do not perish." This is as self-reconciled below (note: below "reconciled" there are perhaps the two characters *gù rán* 故然).
In this passage, Master Jī's Commentary on the *Yogācārabhūmi* (*Gā Chāo* 伽抄; note: fascicle fourteen, folio twenty-one left) sets forth two explanations, saying: "The Great Master [Xuánzāng] says: In the Western Region [India], there are two explanations. The first explanation says: There are derived forms separated from substance, like sunlight — [which is] produced from the great elements of the [solar] disk at a distance, not from the great elements co-located [with the light]. This is used as evidence for the upholding cause among the five causes; this [interpretation] is based on the language [about] great elements immediately identified with substance. The second explanation also holds that [such forms] have great-element production: just as light [has], the great elements also separately produce the light, etc. However, since [they] arise from being conditioned by the fire-element (*tejo-dhātu*) within the original solar disk, [these great elements are] so subtle as to be unobtainable. Hence [the text] says 'none' [are present]. In the case of light — how could there be no heat-contact (*sparśa*)? If heat-contact is called conventional, then the fire-element is its substance. How could there be heat-contact not produced from fire? Hence one knows [the great elements] are also present [in the light]."
If the first explanation were to say: "The heat-contact within [the light] is still the heat from the fire-power of the solar disk, and is not the fire-element that produces the color of light. Sound should be understood by analogy. Why is there no fragrance or taste in the separated light?" — Explanation: "Because fragrance and taste are light [subtle], they are thus absent in light. Because color and heat-contact are heavy [coarse], they are also present in light. But if [one argues that] contact [is present] because it is coarse, then within the fire-element's light there ought to be [heat-contact] — why then say it is absent? Now when [the text] says 'the producer of light is absent,' it is not saying that the solar force-heat fire is absent within the sun. If that is the case, could one not also say that fragrance, being subtle, has none co-located with light, yet there is also a force-fragrance coming from afar from the solar disk location?" — Answer: "Because of the [solar] disk, it is as before [the same principle applies as in the case of light]. Also, another explanation: because heat-contact exists while the remaining three great elements do not, saying 'none' does not mean the fire-element is also absent." (End of commentary text.) Now the statement "based on what is immediately identified with substance, to distinguish the foundational cause, etc." represents the meaning of the first explanation.
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One hundred and fifty-one
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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror — Great Elements and Derived Forms Chapter
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One hundred and fifty-one
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From "Or [the text] explains that light" to "hence the former explanation is better": "Or [the text] explains, etc." refers to the second of the Great Master's two explanations, as already described above. "This explanation is incorrect, etc." — here the chapter author refutes the second explanation. "Sound and fragrance being separated from substance — by what great element are they produced?": If the second master were to rescue [his position] by saying: "Just as in the case of light separated from the solar disk, wherever light exists, great-element production also exists — so too with sounds and fragrances separated from substance; wherever sounds and fragrances reach, they are produced by the great elements of the ear- and nose-locations (*āyatana*, 処). What objection is there? So your objection does not create any contradiction for me."
Now [I, the author,] support the chapter master and say: "If [one takes the perspective of] distant production (*shū zào* 疎造), I also permit this. But if [one takes the perspective of] proximate production (*qīn zào* 親造), this also cannot be so. In general, the meaning of proximate production is that great elements of the same congregation necessarily produce forms of the same congregation and do not produce forms of a different congregation. The great elements at the location [sounds and fragrances] arrive at are already of a different congregation — how could proximate production be effected? Furthermore, [this rescue] contradicts the text of *Yogācārabhūmi* fascicle fifty-four [stating] 'producer and produced are in the same location and do not separate from one another.' Hence your rescue is entirely without the slightest benefit. Therefore the former explanation is correct."
From "The establishing cause (*lì yīn* 立因) is precisely" to "sharing the same well-being and danger": In this passage, from "the establishing cause, the following" to "because of transformation (*biàn yì* 変異)" is the text of the *Abhidharmasamuccaya* (*Duìfǎ lùn* 対法論). From "the producer (*néng zào* 能造) onward" to "the derived [form] follows in transformation" is the explanatory text of the chapter author. "This is precisely the following-transformation cause (*suí zhuǎn yīn* 随転因)": Here there are two interpretations. First, [one] takes the meaning of "following transformation" to briefly explain the establishment of the name. Second, one takes the "establishing cause" of the *Yogācārabhūmi* and assigns it to the "following-transformation cause" (*suí zhuǎn yīn*) found in the *Abhidharmakośa*. "Establishing" (*lì* 立) is based on bringing [the derived forms'] fruit to completion [and] following the great elements' transformation — this is the meaning of the establishing cause. "Because of the great elements' transformation, etc." means: because the great elements have increase or decrease (*zēng sǔn* 増損), the derived forms follow and transform accordingly.
Question: If it is said that "because of the great elements' transformation, the dependent derived forms follow and trans-
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form accordingly," how should this be reconciled with the text of *Yogācārabhūmi* fascicle fifty-four? There it says: "As for derived forms' relation to the great elements, should one say they have a mark of difference (*yì xiàng* 異相), or that they have no mark of difference?" The answer should include four marks of difference. The third mark says: "Because transformation and non-transformation are both presently obtainable — that is, in cooking ghee (*sū* 酥), etc., one can obtain differentiated variations in color, taste, etc., but not [such variation] in the hard element (*pṛthivī*, 堅) etc. [of the great elements]. Therefore one should know that the great elements and derived forms differ in their marks." Since it already says "the great elements and derived forms differ in transformation versus non-transformation," how can [the present text] now say "when the great elements transform, the derived forms follow in transformation"?
Explanation: The intent of fascicle fifty-four is to refute a heterodox thesis (*yì jì* 異計), and so explains that there are marks of difference. [This is] like [the position of] Buddhadeva (*Fótuó Típó* 仏陀提婆), who held that outside the four great elements there are no separately existing derived forms — in order to refute this thesis, [the treatise] clarifies that the four great elements and derived forms differ in nature-and-mark (*xìng xiàng* 性相) and in substance-and-function (*tǐ yòng* 体用). That is, the nature of the four great elements [is contrasted] with the marks of derived forms, and again the substance of the four great elements [is contrasted] with the function of derived forms — [in this context] it explains that there are marks of difference. In the present passage, however, the nature of the great elements and the nature of derived forms, the substance of the great elements and the substance of derived forms, are discussed in mutual contrast. Hence it says "when the great elements transform, derived forms follow in transformation." Therefore there is no contradiction. This meaning is profound and subtle — students should meditate upon it.
"Well-being and danger are necessarily shared" (*ān wēi bì tóng* 安危必同): "*Ān*" (安, well-being) means the meaning of increase (*zēng* 増); "*wēi*" (危, danger) means the meaning of decrease (*sǔn* 損). The producer [great elements] and the produced [derived forms] necessarily share increase and decrease. Just as [the quality of] cognition (*vijñāna*) is also clear or dim depending on [the acuity of] the sense faculty, so too here: because of the great elements' increase and decrease, the derived forms also increase and decrease. Hence it says "well-being and danger are necessarily shared."
"Because through the great elements' loss and gain, [the derived forms] share the same well-being and danger": In *Yogācārabhūmi* fascicle three, at the beginning of the interpretation of the five aggregative dharmas (*pañcaskandha*/*wǔ jù fǎ* 五聚法), within the explanation of the dharmas of the form-aggregate (*rūpaskandha*/*sè jù* 色聚), [the treatise] first poses five questions to interrogate the meaning of the four great elements acting as five causes to produce form. This is precisely the text that answers the third [question]: "How do they establish [derived forms]?" (*jiànlì* 建立). This thereby clarifies that it is through the meaning of "establishing" (*jiànlì yì* 建立義) that the name "establishing cause" (*lì yīn* 立因) is obtained. However, Master Fàn uses the meaning of "bringing to completion" (*chénglì yì* 成立義) to explain the meaning of the establishing cause. The meaning is also...