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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror — Great Elements and Derived Forms Chapter
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...[this] is not in contradiction [with what was said before].
From "the precepts of individual liberation (*prātimokṣa*-precepts, 別解脱戒)" to "how can they continue in succession": The following question-and-answer clarifies whether the establishing cause (*lì yīn* 立因) exists within the producer (great elements, *mahābhūta*). This is the initial raising of the question. Specifically, [the question] concerns the great elements (*mahābhūta*) that produce the manifest (*biǎo* 表) and non-manifest (*wú biǎo* 無表) [precepts], and asks whether the establishing cause exists [among them].
In ancient [terminology] these are called the "performed precepts" (*zuò jiè* 作戒) and the "non-performed precepts" (*wúzuò jiè* 無作戒). When one initially gives rise to the mind intending to receive [the precepts], [the activity of] the three karmas (body, speech, mind) is set in motion; when the inner and outer conditions are complete and this *dharma* (the precept) is accomplished — this is called the "performed precept." After the precept has been received, one holds it within oneself; once it has been produced it is constantly present, and without further deliberate effort [it continues] — this is called the "non-performed precept." The performed precept is like rotating a wheel with a staff; the non-performed precept is like the wheel continuing to spin of itself once the staff is laid aside. And so on — even during sleep, unconsciousness, etc., [the non-performed precept] is constantly arising.
If [we] follow the Mahāyāna: upon the present *cetanā* (volition, 思), the manifest precept (*biǎo jiè*) is conventionally established; upon the seeds of *cetanā*, the non-manifest precept (*wú biǎo jiè*) is established. The intent of this question is as follows. All manifest and non-manifest precepts are established in dependence upon *cetanā*. If the precept-receiver is always in a wholesome state of mind with no other mental state, then upon the *cetanā* the manifest precept is conventionally established, and upon the seeds of *cetanā* the non-manifest precept is established. However, if at some point [the mind is in] an unwholesome state, an indeterminate (*avyākṛta*) state, or again no [active] mental state (*wú xīn* 無心) — at such a time there is already no manifest karma (*biǎo yè*); [and since] the non-manifest arises in dependence upon the manifest karma of the present *cetanā* as its basis, once the manifest karma has ceased, how can the non-manifest in the subsequent moment continue in succession? Although the great elements of the body upon which the precept was produced continue [in succession], the produced precept has no cause for continuation. The producer [great elements] may continue, but the produced [precept] is interrupted. How can it then be said that producer and produced necessarily "share the same well-being and danger"?
From "Or [one] explains the later time" to "hence [it] does not change": In the following answer there are three masters' explanations. This first presents the meaning of the first master, which corresponds to the position of Dharma Master Tài. This master's intent is that at that very time [of unwholesome, indeterminate, or no-mind states], there exists a "supporting body" (*yī shēn* 依身), and upon that body the name of manifest precept is established. As the *Yogācārabhūmi* *Juézé* section (*Vinīścaya*, 決択分) sets out this master's meaning: "At the time when the non-manifest precept of individual liberation (*prātimokṣa*) continues in succession afterward, the support (*āśraya*, 所依) still exists; hence the great elements of the supporting body produce the non-manifest. Since the name of manifest precept has already been established upon the supporting body, the manifest karma (*biǎo yè*) still does not change. By this, the non-manifest precept of individual liberation that [was previously] produced also continues to arise in succession. Hence there is no obstruction." As for the precepts of *samādhi* and the path in the upper two realms (form realm and formless realm, 色界・無色界), etc. — these are also produced by the great elements of lower-realm bodies belonging to others (*xia jiè tā shēn dà zào* 下界他身大造), because [these precepts] guard against all dharmas of the desire realm (*kāmadhātu*). [Details are given] as the chapter below explains.
From "As for the actual meaning" to "[there] should be no such cause": This is the second explanation, and it is the correct meaning (*zhèng yì* 正義) of the chapter author. The body and speech that are produced are where *cetanā* "roams" (*yóu xíng* 遊行), and hence are called "that which is roamed" (*suǒ yóu* 所遊). The seven non-virtues (*fēi* 非) of body and speech are what the precepts "guard against" (*suǒ fáng* 所防). Thus, in accordance with the "roamed" and the "guarded against," the precept is named as material form (*rūpa* 色). And also in accordance with those great elements [associated with the roamed and guarded against], [those great elements] are conventionally named as producers (*zào* 造). Production (*zào* 造) has two meanings: first, real proximate production (*shí qīn zào* 実親造), such as production immediately identified with substance (*jí zhì zào* 即質造), etc.; second, conventional distant production (*jiǎ shū zào* 假疎造), such as production separated from substance (*lí zhì zào* 離質造), etc. The reason that the non-manifest precept is now called "that which is produced" (*suǒ zào* 所造) is that this is said from the perspective of distant [production].
"Otherwise, the *samādhi*-path dual precepts of the formless realm, etc." — here the chapter author states the reasoning to refute the former master's meaning. If one cannot obtain [the right to call something] "production" (*zào*) in accordance with the roamed and guarded against, and only takes the great elements of the supporting body as [the] "producer" — then in the formless realm, where there is no supporting body, the great elements capable of producing those realm's *samādhi*-path dual precepts should have no establishing cause. By this one should know that the great elements of the supporting body are not the producers. Only the great elements of the roamed and guarded against are taken as producers. Hence the *Chéngwéishí lùn* (成唯識論, "Treatise on the Establishment of Consciousness Only"; note: fascicle 1, folio 23 recto) says: "That is, this is established in dependence upon the state in which the seeds of wholesome and unwholesome *cetanā* that produce superior body and speech actions increase and grow." This passage proves that it is the great elements of the "roamed" [locus] that are the producers. Furthermore, the *Xiǎnyáng Shèngjiao Lùn* (顕揚聖教論, "Treatise Manifesting the Holy Teaching";
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note: fascicle 1, folio 13 left) says: "All *saṃvara*-forms (*lǜyí sè* 律儀色) are established as having the nature of material form (*rūpa*-nature) in dependence upon *dharmas* that are not currently manifesting [in active behavior]." This passage proves that it is the great elements of the "guarded against" [locus] that are the producers. If one follows this explanation, it deeply accords with the various treatises. Hence it says "as for the actual meaning [this is what it means]."
From "If that is so, [what about] the guarded-against" to "[there] should be no establishing cause": The former master raises an objection: "If one says that the *samādhi*-path dual precepts of the formless realm have no supporting basis and therefore have no establishing cause — then in the case where one's body is in the lower realm (*kāmadhātu*) and one attains a formless-realm *samādhi*, or in the case where one's body is born in that [formless realm] and enters formless *samādhi*: in both cases, the desire-realm transgressions (*fēi* 非) that those [precepts] guard against have long since been extinguished. How could [those formless-realm *samādhi*-path dual precepts] be produced by relying upon the great elements of the desire realm that [those transgressions] were guarded against? Since there is nothing being guarded against, there is also no producer. Since there is no producer, there should be no establishing cause."
From "One cannot [say it] guards against others" to "because [it is] of the type that once existed": The following is the response to the objection, in which [the chapter author] first turns and refutes the former master. [The word *yǎn* 衍 here is probably a scribal error/superfluous.] The section beginning "This is merely a remotely-distancing antidote (*yuǎn fèn duì zhì* 遠分対治) for those [past transgressions]" is the correct response to the foregoing objection. The former master says: "The precepts of formless-realm *samādhi*, etc., remotely guard against the transgressions of sentient beings (*yǒu qíng* 有情) in the desire realm; hence [they] are said to be named material form (*sè* 色) in accordance with that which they guard against. By this, [they] also follow the great elements of the guarded-against [locus] as producers." Now [the chapter author] refutes this: "One cannot say [something is] named material form because it guards against *others*. Hence how could the four great elements of *others* produce one's own non-manifest [precept]?" This is precisely the counter-refutation of the former master's position.
"This is merely a remotely-distancing antidote for those [past transgressions], etc." — this is the correct answer to the foregoing objection. According to the *Abhidharmasamuccaya* (*Duìfǎ lùn* 対法論) and related texts, antidotes (*pratipakṣa*, 対治) are of four kinds: (1) disgust-and-destruction antidote (*yàn huài duì zhì* 厭壊対治), (2) severance antidote (*duàn duì zhì* 断対治), (3) upholding antidote (*chí duì zhì* 持対治), and (4) remotely-distancing antidote (*yuǎn fèn duì zhì* 遠分対治).
The "disgust-and-destruction antidote" means: with respect to all conditioned (*sāsrava*) formations, seeing their many faults and dangers — that is, through practices [of contemplating phenomena] as being like disease, like boils, etc., bringing about revulsion and destruction toward the five appropriated aggregates (*pañcopādānaskandha*, 五取蘊).
The "severance antidote" refers to the path of skillful means (*fāngbiàn dào* 方便道) and the path of uninterrupted [concentration] (*ānantaryamārga*, 無間道), because these are capable of severing the various afflictions (*kleśa*).
The "upholding antidote":
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refers to the path of liberation (*vimuktimārga*, 解脱道), because it upholds and maintains that which was severed and obtained.
The "remotely-distancing antidote" refers to all the subsequent paths following this, because they cause the afflictions that were previously severed to move even further away and be more thoroughly distanced.
Now, [when we] compare formless-realm *samādhi* against the transgressions of the desire realm: among the four antidotes, [formless-realm *samādhi*] constitutes the "remotely-distancing antidote." Through the power of this remotely-distancing antidote, the seeds that give rise to the afflictions that break the precepts are caused to further diminish and deteriorate, remotely guarding [one's own body] against the unwholesome precepts that once existed in oneself. Thus, producing the present material form (*rūpa*) from past great elements is called "production" (*zào*) by way of [functional] meaning, because [the precept thereby produced] is of the same type as one that once existed [in relation to those past great elements].
From "The second *samādhi* (*dhyāna*) and above" to "[they] should not be antidotes": The following is an explanatory analogy. Previously [the text] only clarified that formless-realm *samādhi* compared against desire-realm transgressions constitutes a remotely-distancing antidote, but had not yet clarified that the second *dhyāna* of the form realm and above, compared against desire-realm transgressions, also constitutes a remotely-distancing antidote. Hence [the author] gives an analogical explanation: "The non-manifest precepts of the second *dhyāna* and above all follow the same principle."
That is: within the preparatory *samādhi* (*fāngbiàn dìng* 方便定) of the first *dhyāna* (*prathamādhyāna*, 初静慮): since [the meditator] is [progressively] counteracting the nine grades of afflictions (*nava-bhūmika kleśa*, 九品惑), the counteracting [practices] also correspond to nine grades, with each [grade] having all four kinds of antidotes. Only the initial *anāgamya*-*samādhi* (*wèizhì dìng* 未至定), when compared against desire-realm transgressions, constitutes a severance antidote (*duàn duì zhì*) — because it has separated from desire-realm craving (*kāmarāga*), whether partially or completely, and has already become capable of suppressing and subduing the seeds of afflictions that give rise to precept-breaking. The path of liberation (*vimuktimārga*) of the ninth [grade], upon entering the root first *dhyāna* (*gēnběn chū dìng* 根本初定), can be considered an upholding antidote (*chí duì zhì*). Everything above [this] is entirely a remotely-distancing antidote. Hence it says "the non-manifest precepts of the second *dhyāna* and above all follow the same principle." This is precisely the analogical explanation.
"The [*Yogācārabhūmi*] treatise's statement on guarding against others, etc." — this is a further refutation of the former master. *Yogācārabhūmiśāstra* fascicle fifty-three says: "There are two kinds of distancing oneself from unwholesome precepts and receiving the supporting branch (*anurakṣaṇāṅga*, 随護支). These are: *hrī* (慚, moral shame) and *apatrāpya* (愧, moral dread). When at the location of another person or at one's own location [one is] actually committing an offense—