英語訳
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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror — Great Elements and Derived Forms Chapter
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...[when committing an offense,] one gives rise to a deep sense of shame. [End of the treatise passage.]
The former master (first master) explains: "The treatise text already says 'when at the location of another person, one actually commits an offense, one gives rise to a deep sense of shame.' This makes it clearly known that the transgressions (*fēi* 非) that are guarded against also extend to the bodies of others. By this one should know that there is also no obstruction to the meaning that the four great elements (*mahābhūta*) of others produce one's own non-manifest (*avijñapti*, 無表) precept. If so, the *samādhi*-path dual precepts (*dìng dào jù jiè* 定道倶戒) of the formless realm are [explained as being] produced by the great elements of the transgression-to-be-guarded-against that belonged to others in the past."
[The chapter author] now refutes this, saying: "The meaning that the four great elements of others produce these [precepts] is not correct, because [those transgressions] are not one's own faults, and because [such elements] cannot be said to guard [against those faults]; hence [those elements] should not be antidotes." This is the conclusion of the repeated refutation.
From "By this meaning [the precept] is named as material form (*rūpa*)" to "the great elements produce the present material form": "By this meaning [it] is named material form, and is conventionally designated as produced"— Production (*zào* 造) has two meanings. If it is a real, proximate production (*shí qīn zào* 実親造): it must necessarily be produced from the same moral quality (wholesome, unwholesome, or indeterminate — *trisvahhāva*), not from a different quality; it must necessarily be produced from the same realm (*dhātu*), not from a different realm; and concentrated (*dhyāna*) and dispersed (*vitarka*) [states] must necessarily be the same. If, on the other hand, [production] is being spoken of conventionally (*jiǎ shuō* 仮説), then "production" means a distantly-dependent production (*shū xiāng yī zào* 疎相依造). [Applied] according to circumstances, there is nothing to obstruct this. Since [the discussion] now relies upon the meaning of "distant" (*shū* 疎), [the text] says "conventionally designated as produced." Taking the mutually distant relationship (*shū yuǎn xiāng wàng* 疎遠相望) as the basis, one speaks of the "remotely-distancing antidote" (*yuǎn fèn duì zhì* 遠分対治). Therefore there are none of the faults previously mentioned, such as "since what was guarded against has long since been extinguished, there should be no establishing cause," and so forth.
As for "remotely guarding against the unwholesome precepts that once existed in one's own body, etc.": Dharma Master Lǐn (懍法師, i.e., Líng Rùn 霊潤) says: "With respect to dharmas of past lives, one can also produce precepts. If one slanders and falsifies the Buddha-dharma of the past, one incurs all those transgressions. Therefore it is known that one guards against and halts past-life objects. The future is the same — all have the protection of precepts. Furthermore, the Buddha told Tíwéi (*Trapuṣa*): 'Take refuge in the Saṃgha of the future.' Therefore it is known that the producing of precepts encompasses both things that have already arisen and things that have not yet arisen — all of this is within the scope of 'distant guarding' (*xuán fáng* 懸防). One takes [precepts] whose production was present in the past or will be present in the future; one does not take those that did not exist in either of the two periods [past and future]." [And so forth.]
The current chapter author's meaning is also the same. Hence [the text] says "remotely guarding against the unwholesome precepts that once existed in one's own body, etc." It guards against one's own body only, and does not guard against the bodies of others. Hence it differs from the former master.
**Question**: If that is so, [consider] the case of a formal vow (*yào qī* 要期): [if someone vows] "I wish to kill all sentient beings," one thereby incurs transgressions with respect to all living beings. If one verifies [the chapter author's position] by inverting this, how can one say that [this] does not guard against the transgressions (*fēi*) of others?
**Response**: The dharma of the mind (*xīn fǎ* 心法) has no fixed location; its function (*yòng* 用) extends throughout both self and others. Although its function reaches others, it is still [a matter of] one's own mind. Therefore, even if one wishes to kill all sentient beings, it is simply that within one's own mind one accumulates many transgressions. Hence there is no obstruction [to the chapter author's position].
From "Or the non-manifest precept" to "because it possesses the establishing cause": This is the third explanation — namely, the supplementary interpretation (*jiā shì* 加釈) of the chapter author [Kuījī, 窺基].
Hence Master Jī's (*Kuījī*'s) *Jiā Chāo* (*Yogācārabhūmi* Commentary, 伽抄) fascicle two says: "The five causes such as the birth-cause (*jān yīn* 生因), etc., are all subsumed under the dominant condition (*adhipatipratyaya*, 増上縁). Sometimes all five meanings are present; sometimes not all five are present. It is not fixed that all five must be present." Also: "Because [derived forms] such as sunlight (*rì guāng* 日光) and lone-traveling fragrance (*gū xíng xiāng* 孤行香), etc., are separated from the great elements, the material forms of the *samādhi*-path precepts of the formless realm are produced. This is so because [those precepts] have no four great elements [in the usual proximate sense]." [End of the commentary passage.]
Explanation: Perhaps the character for "five" (*wǔ* 五) is missing from "or [possessing] five [meanings]." As for the meaning: when based on production-identical-with-substance (*jí zhì zào* 卽質造), [production] is only [production within] the same assemblage (*tóng jù* 同聚) and not a different assemblage (*yì jù* 異聚); it is only real production (*shí zào* 実造) and not conventional. "Or not possessing all five" means: based on production-separated-from-substance (*lí zhì zào* 離質造), because its momentum (*shì* 勢) depends upon those [past elements], one can distantly produce (*xuán zào* 懸造) non-manifest precepts, etc. There is no meaning of production-identical-with-substance; hence the establishing cause is not fully possessed.
From "If one takes the supporting body" to "the great elements of the guarded-against [locus] are the producers": This is the chapter author [Kuījī] refuting the former first master's position. "It thereby ceases to be Mahāyāna" means: if one follows the Mahāyāna, even the formless realm (*arūpyadhātu*) has *dhyāna*-restraint (*dhyānasaṃvara*, 静慮律儀). Fascicle eighty-two of the [*Yogācārabhūmi*] treatise says: "Within desire-realm practice (*kāmacarya*), there is individual liberation restraint (*prātimokṣasaṃvara*, 別解脱律儀); within form-realm and formless-realm practice, there is *dhyāna*-restraint (*dhyānasaṃvara*)." Also, fascicle thirteen of the *Xiǎnyáng* [*Shèngjiao Lùn*] speaks of "dhyāna-*śīla*" and "*samāpatti*-*śīla* (等至尸羅)"; "equal attainment" (*samāpatti*, 等至) here refers to the formless-realm *samādhi*. If one follows the Hīnayāna Sarvāstivāda (*Sārvāstivāda*, 薩婆多) (note: *Abhidharmakośa* fascicle thirteen, folio ten recto), *dhyāna*-restraint exists only in the form realm and does not extend to the formless realm. If one follows the former master in taking the great elements of the supporting body as the "producer," then the noble person (*ārya*, 聖者) of the formless realm has no supporting body, and therefore should have no non-manifest [precept].
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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror — Great Elements and Derived Forms Chapter
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【Upper Section】
If one gives this interpretation, it becomes identical to the Sarvāstivāda position. Hence [the text] says "it thereby ceases to be Mahāyāna."
"Also contradicts the *Xiǎnyáng* [*Lùn*], etc." refers to the text in fascicle one of the *Xiǎnyáng Shèngjiao Lùn*. "Dharmas of non-manifestation (*bù xiàn xíng fǎ* 不現行法)" refers to the transgressions (*fēi*) being guarded against. Through the power of upholding precepts, those transgressions do not arise. Hence they are called "dharmas of non-manifestation." In the case of individual liberation precepts (*prātimokṣa-śīla*, 別解脱戒), through the power of the seeds of *cetanā* guarding against transgressions, unwholesome body and speech actions no longer manifest. Upon that non-manifesting [state], the non-manifest (*avijñapti*) [precept] is conventionally established. In the case of *samādhi*-path precepts (*dìng dào jiè* 定道戒): upon the *cetanā* associated with *samādhi* or the path, the meaning of the body and speech [actions] guarded against not manifesting [is the basis upon which] the non-manifest [precept] is conventionally established. Therefore, in general it is said: "All *saṃvara*-form (*lǜyí sè* 律儀色) [precepts] establish the nature of material form in dependence upon dharmas of non-manifestation."
From "As for the upholding cause (*chí yīn* 持因), namely" to "[there] should be interruptions": Within this passage, the section from "the upholding cause" down to "thereby preventing [the continuation] from being cut off" is the text of the *Abhidharmasamuccaya* (対法論). The section from "the succession of derived forms (*zào sè* 造色)" to "[there] should be interruptions" is the commentary text of the chapter author [Kuījī].
As for the statement "the upholding cause is the abiding cause (*zhù yīn* 住因)": there are two interpretations. First, the meaning of abiding (*zhù* 住) is used to briefly explain the name "upholding" (*chí* 持). Second, the "upholding cause" of the [*Yogācāra-bhūmi*] treatise is matched and assigned to the "abiding cause" possessed by the [*Abhidharma*]-piṭaka (note: one text reads 大 as 本). The term "upholding" (*chí*) is based on [the sense of] upholding the fruit (*phala*) and causing it to abide; thereby it obtains the name of a cause. Hence it is called the "upholding cause."
From "*Yogācārabhūmi* fascicle three" to "equal in measure and undestroyed (*děng liàng bù huài* 等量不壊)": The following section concerns reconciling an apparent contradiction. First, the contradictory difficulty (*wéi nán* 違難) is raised; then, from "the *Abhidharmasamuccaya* relies on the complete portion (*quán fèn* 全分)" onward, the contradiction is properly resolved. This section is the first part [the raising of the contradiction]. In raising the contradiction, [the text] first cites the *Yogācārabhūmi* text to raise an objection against the meaning of the *Abhidharmasamuccaya*; then it cites an example from observed reality to raise an objection against the meaning of the *Yogācārabhūmi*. Previously, the chapter author interpreted the meaning of the *Abhidharmasamuccaya* as: "The successive arising of derived material forms (*zào sè* 造色) is due to the upholding power of the great elements; otherwise derived forms would be subject to interruptions." That is, the *Abhidharmasamuccaya*'s meaning covers the production of all material forms — both production separated from substance and production identical with substance — in explaining the upholding cause. Hence [the objector] cites the *Yogācārabhūmi* text to raise this objection:
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"If that is so, why does *Yogācārabhūmi* fascicle three say: 'Because [the derived form] follows the great elements in being equal in measure and undestroyed (*děng liàng bù huài*), it is called the upholding cause'?" — meaning that the *Yogācārabhūmi*'s intent is to explain the upholding cause only in terms of production-identical-with-substance (*jí zhì zào* 卽質造). Hence this difficulty is raised.
How is this known? Master Jī's (*Kuījī*'s) *Abhidharmasamuccaya* commentary (*Duìfǎ Chāo* 対法抄) fascicle one (note: fascicle two, folio seven recto) says: "The successive arising of derived material forms is due to the upholding power of the great elements; otherwise derived forms would then be subject to interruptions. If that is so, the *Yogācārabhūmi* fascicle three says: 'Because [it] follows the great elements in being equal in measure and undestroyed, it is called *zhù chí* (abiding-upholding),' etc." [And so forth.] Since [the text] already says "if that is so" before going on to cite the *Yogācārabhūmi* text, it is clearly known that the fascicle-three text is being cited as the basis for an objection.
"Also, sounds and light, etc., differ in size": This is the subsequent citation of an observed example to raise an objection against the *Yogācārabhūmi* text. It says: "As is visibly observed, sounds and light differ in size. How can one simply say 'equal in measure and undestroyed'?" The intent of this objection is as follows: when a sound is produced in connection with a material object (*zhì* 質), the sound is larger (*dà*, i.e., spatially more extensive) than the material object. Furthermore, the size of the solar disc (*sūrya-maṇḍala*, 日輪) is fifty-one *yojana*s (*yóu shàn nà* 踰繕那); [but] the light separated from the disc's material substance pervades an entire continent (*dvīpa*, 一州). Thus the sizes of the four great elements (the material substance) and the sounds and light derived from that substance are not the same [as each other]. How then can one simply say "equal in measure and undestroyed"? This concludes the raising of the contradictory difficulty.
From "The *Abhidharmasamuccaya* relies on the complete portion" to "because [it] speaks about derived forms": In the proper resolution of the difficulty there are two explanations. This is the first explanation. Production (*zào*) is of two kinds. First, proximate production (*qīn jìn zào* 親近造): for example, the five sense-objects (*pañcaviṣaya*, 五境) that are attached to a material substance are all equal in extent to the substance's measure. Hence they are called "equal in measure and undestroyed." This is precisely the meaning of production-identical-with-substance (*jí zhì zào*). Second, distantly-removed production (*shū yuǎn zào* 疎遠造): for example, sounds, fragrances, etc. that are separated and distant from their material substance. Once they have moved away, they are all larger than the substance. This is precisely the meaning of production-separated-from-substance (*lí zhì zào*). The *Abhidharmasamuccaya* explains the meaning of the upholding cause in terms of both kinds of production. Hence it says [the *Abhidharmasamuccaya*] "relies on the complete portion (*quán fèn* 全分)." The *Yogācārabhūmi* explains the meaning of the upholding cause in terms of only one kind — production-identical-with-substance. Hence it says [the *Yogācārabhūmi*] "relies on a partial portion (*shǎo fèn* 少分)." Since they do not aim at the same [scope], [they do] not [contradict each other]—