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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror — Great Elements and Derived Forms Chapter
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(Continued from the previous page) ...do not contradict one another.
From "Or, the statement of the *Yogācārabhūmi*" to "the former explanation is preferable": This is the second explanation. The intent of the first explanation was that only within production-identical-with-substance (*jí zhì zào* 卽質造) are the measures of the producing [elements] and the produced [forms] equally matched (*qí děng* 斉等). Hence [the text] says "equal in measure and undestroyed (*děng liàng bù huài* 等量不壊)." The intent of the second explanation is this: when *Yogācārabhūmi* fascicle three says "equal in measure and undestroyed," [it means that] whether in production-identical-with-substance or in production-separated-from-substance (*lí zhì zào* 離質造), the producing and produced [elements] therein all possess the meaning of mutual resemblance before and after (*qián hòu xiāng sì* 前後相似). Hence [the text] says "equal in measure and undestroyed." Therefore the *Abhidharmasamuccaya* (対法論) and the *Yogācārabhūmi* each accord with and conform to the other, and they do not contradict one another.
How is this known? *Yogācārabhūmi* fascicle fifty-four only says that "the great elements uphold the original measure [of derived forms] and prevent them from diminishing"; it does not say that "the measure of what the great elements produce and what is produced by them are equally matched." Therefore it is known that "equal" means the meaning of mutual resemblance before and after.
The chapter author [Kuījī] adjudicates: "In explaining the meaning of 'equal in measure and undestroyed' in *Yogācārabhūmi* fascicle three, although there are two explanations, the first relies only on production-identical-with-substance to explain 'equal in measure,' and this is taken as superior. Hence [the text] says 'the former explanation is preferable.'"
From "As for the nourishing cause (*yǎng yīn* 養因), namely" to "hence it is called the growth cause (*cháng yīn* 長因)": Within this passage, the section from "as for the nourishing cause" down to "thereby causing growth and increase" is the text of the *Abhidharmasamuccaya*. The section from "through the great elements' intimate nourishing" to "hence it is called the growth cause" is the commentary text of the chapter author [Kuījī].
As for the statement "the nourishing cause is precisely the growth cause": there are also two interpretations. First, the meaning of "growth" (*cháng* 長) is used to briefly explain the name "nourishing" (*yǎng* 養). Second, the "nourishing cause" of the [*Yogācārabhūmi*] treatise is matched and assigned to the "growth cause" (*cháng yīn* 長因) possessed by the original Piṭaka [i.e., the *Abhidharmasamuccaya*]. Hence [the text] says "the nourishing cause is precisely the growth cause." The term "nourishing" (*yǎng*) is based on [the sense of] nourishing the fruit and causing it to grow, thereby establishing the name of a cause. "Or, growth is precisely a cause" (*cháng jí yīn* 長即因): this is a *karmadhāraya* interpretation (持業釈, an appositive compound), [meaning] that growth belongs to the great elements. "Or, a cause of growth" (*cháng zhī yīn* 長之因): this is a *tatpuruṣa* interpretation (依主釈, a determinative compound), [meaning] that growth belongs to the produced [form].
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From "*Yogācārabhūmi* fascicle three" to "serving as their nourishing cause": The following section concerns reconciling an apparent contradiction. First, the contradictory text (*wéi wén* 違文) is raised; then, from "nourishing the derived material forms (*zào sè* 造色)" onward, the contradiction is properly resolved. This section is the first part [the raising of the contradiction].
Concerning [the nourishing cause, the objection] is stated: "If it is because the great elements intimately nourish and cause the growth of derived forms that the great elements serve as the nourishing cause, then why does *Yogācārabhūmi* fascicle three, in explaining the growth cause, say: 'Because *nidrā* (sleep) etc. serve as causes, [the great elements] that are produced by them obtain growth'? If that is so, it is sleep etc. that serve as causes — what does this have to do with the great elements?"
How is it known that this citation from *Yogācārabhūmi* fascicle three is [meant as] a raising of a contradiction? In Master Jī's (*Kuījī*'s) *Abhidharmasamuccaya* Commentary (*Duìfǎ Chāo*), after explaining the growth cause, [the text] says "if that is so, how [can this be explained]?" (*jì ěr rú hé* 旣爾如何) and only then proceeds to cite *Yogācārabhūmi* fascicle three. In the present chapter, the phrase "if that is so" (*jì ěr* 旣爾) is absent, but this is simply because the text is abbreviated.
From "nourishing the derived material forms" to "hence there is no fault": The following section, which resolves the contradiction, has three explanations. This [section covers] the first two explanations. [Note: the phrase "this is the first two explanations" is repeated — likely a misprint.] The first explanation says: "With respect to nourishing, there are two [aspects]. First, the nourishing cause (*yǎng yīn* 養因); second, the nourishing condition (*yǎng yuán* 養緣). The great elements serve as the nourishing cause; sleep etc. [taken as] the four conditions (*sì yuán* 四縁, i.e., the four types of conditions) serve as the nourishing condition. The *Abhidharmasamuccaya* focuses on causes, and hence explains the great elements as the growth cause. The *Yogācārabhūmi* focuses on conditions, and hence includes sleep etc. in explaining the growth cause, additionally designating these as conditions. Hence [the two texts] do not contradict one another."
"Moreover, through those conditions, etc." introduces the second explanation. The intent of this [*Abhidharmasamuccaya*] treatise is: through the great elements being nourished and grown by sleep etc. [as] conditions, these very great elements — having been nourished and grown — then enable the derived material forms to obtain growth. Hence the great elements are explained as the able-nourishing cause (*néng yǎng yīn* 能養因). The *Yogācārabhūmi* commentary (*Yóuqié Chāo* 瑜伽抄) states only this second explanation. Hence fascicle two of that commentary says: "That *Abhidharmasamuccaya* treatise explains the meaning that all great elements [taken] together nourish derived forms. Now in this *Yogācārabhūmi* treatise, it only explains that the four great elements that
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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror — Great Elements and Derived Forms Chapter
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nourish [derived forms] are aided by four conditions and arise, thereby being able to nourish derived material forms. However, as for the derived material forms — the great elements intimately nourish them; the great elements necessarily rely upon the four conditions for aid, and only then nourish the derived material forms. [The *Yogācārabhūmi*] now speaks of the outer conditions [causing] the great elements to then be able to nourish — it is not saying that the outer four conditions themselves are this nourishing cause." [End of the commentary passage.]
Upon reflection (*jīn àn* 今案), this explanation still speaks of the meaning of the nourishing condition (*yǎng yuán* 養緣). If that is so, what difference is there from the first explanation? The response is: the intent of the first explanation is that the four conditions of sleep etc., in relation to the derived material forms, serve as nourishing conditions. The intent of the second explanation is that the four conditions of sleep etc., in relation to the producing great elements, serve as nourishing conditions. Hence the two explanations are distinct. One should further examine the commentary text and make diligent effort [to understand this point].
From "Or, [the great elements] pervasively nourish" to "mind etc. are not so": This is the third explanation. The intent of this explanation says: the nourishing cause has two [types]. First, the pervasive nourishing cause (*tōng yǎng yīn* 通養因), such as the four conditions of sleep etc. Second, the particular nourishing cause (*bié yǎng yīn* 別養因), such as the great elements nourishing the derived [forms] etc. That is to say: because the nature of derived material forms is dull (*dùn* 鈍, i.e., coarse and slow to function), they rely upon two nourishing [causes] — namely, the said pervasive and particular two nourishing causes. Mind (*citta*) and mental factors (*caitasika*), etc., because their nature is sharp (*lì* 利, i.e., acute and quick to function), rely only upon the pervasive cause and do not depend upon the particular cause. The *Yogācārabhūmi* presents both the pervasive and particular nourishing causes; the *Abhidharmasamuccaya* focuses only on the particular nourishing cause. Since their aims are not the same, [the two texts] do not contradict one another.
Regarding sleep etc. [taken as] four conditions serving as nourishing conditions, there are altogether three explanations. The intent of the first explanation: [the four conditions] are explained as nourishing conditions only in relation to the derived [material forms]. The intent of the second explanation: [the four conditions] are explained as nourishing conditions only in relation to the producing [great elements]. The intent of the third explanation: [the four conditions] are explained as nourishing conditions pervasively in relation to the great elements, the derived [forms], and all dharmas including mind and mental factors, etc. Therefore the three explanations each have a distinct intent.
From "The question [and answer] in fascicle fifty-four" to "and because of upholding (*rèn chí* 任持)": The following [section] cites two passages to prove that the great elements serve as the particular nourishing cause (*bié yǎng yīn*) for derived material forms. This is the first of those passages. Certain editions of the chapter text write "sixty-four," but this is an error. As for "[the derived forms] undergo transformation (*biàn yì* 変異) because of [the great elements'] transformation; because of what [the great elements] establish (*jiàn lì* 建立) and uphold (*rèn chí* 任持)":
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Master Jī's (*Kuījī*'s) *Yogācārabhūmi* commentary says: "These three meanings [transformation, establishing, and upholding] are to be assigned and correlated to the five meanings of birth, dependence, establishment, upholding, and nourishing [among] the five causes mentioned below. Among these, 'transformation' (*biàn yì*) encompasses three kinds: the birth cause (*shēng yīn* 生因), the dependence cause (*yī yīn* 依因), and the nourishing cause (*yǎng yīn* 養因). Namely, arising first from the great elements is the birth cause; then following the great elements' function (*yè* 業) is the dependence cause; and the power of superior meditative concentration (*shèng dìng* 勝定) is one portion of the nourishing cause. This should be understood. The remaining 'establishing' (*jiàn lì*) is the establishing cause (*jiàn lì yīn* 建立因), and 'upholding' (*rèn chí*) is the upholding/holding cause (*rèn chí yīn*, i.e., 持因)." [End of the commentary passage.]
Through what causes and conditions do the great elements' produced [forms] undergo transformation? The next passage of the treatise [*Yogācārabhūmi*] says: "Through three causes and conditions, the great elements undergo transformation and cause the derived material forms to undergo transformation and function. First, because of the activity (*yòng* 用) of a person (*pudgala*, 士夫用); second, because of what is produced by karma (*karman*); third, because of superior meditative concentration (*samādhi*, 勝定). 'Activity of a person' means: because of being struck and contacted by the earth element, because the vessel (*bhājana*, 器) is of a different kind, through [this] differentiation, the derived material form is caused to undergo alteration and change. Or: because of being moistened by water, etc.; heated by fire, etc.; dried by wind, etc., the derived material form is caused to undergo transformation. One should know: this is called 'causing the derived material form to undergo transformation and arise through the activity of those great elements by a person.'" [End of the treatise passage.]
Explanation: Within this, "because the vessel is of a different kind" means: because the original vessel (*qì* 器, the receiving medium) is distinct, other [things] are caused to arise undergoing transformation. For example: when rain reaches the sea, it transforms into a salty taste; when [rain] reaches hell, it immediately becomes raging flames; when [rain] reaches [ordinary] ground, it causes grass and trees to grow; when [rain] enters the mouth of a clam (*bàng gé* 蚌蛤), it immediately becomes a pearl. All [these outcomes] arise transformed because of the distinction of their vessel. [And so forth.] The remainder is as explained in the chapter text. In order to make manifest the causes of these transformations, [the text] says "because of transformation due to their [the great elements'] transformation, etc."
From "*Xiǎnyáng Shèngjiao Lùn* (*Mahāyānasaṃgraha-vyākhyā*) fascicle five" to "named as produced by the great elements (*dà suǒ zào* 大所造)": [This concerns] proving that the great elements serve as the particular—