英語訳
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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror — Great Elements and Derived Forms Chapter
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(Continued from the previous page) ...the second of the two passages [cited to prove that the great elements serve as the particular nourishing cause (*bié yǎng yīn* 別養因)].
"Derived material forms (*zào sè* 造色) existing based on the great elements": In *Yogācārabhūmi* fascicle fifty-four, among the five kinds of arising of material phenomena (*sè wù shēng* 色物生), this reveals the meaning of the first kind, namely "arising by depending on a support" (*yīzhǐ shēng* 依止生). That is, at the place of the supporting great elements, the remaining derived material forms arise. Hence it is explained thus: "Through the four great elements, [they] produce derived material forms; these [great elements and derived forms] are in the same place and [the great elements] have the meaning of receiving and upholding those [derived forms]." This is called "arising by depending on a support." "Gathered and abiding in one place" (*shè zài yī chù* 攝在一處) clarifies the meaning of mutual dependence (*xiāng yī* 相依): [the two] do not separate from each other and [the great elements] are able to serve as the support. This is [part of what establishes] the work (*yè* 業) that the great elements perform with respect to derived material forms — it clarifies the second kind of supportive work. Hence [the text] says "gathered and abiding in one place."
From "This meaning precisely reveals" to "because [it serves as] a dominant condition (*adhipati-pratyaya*, 増上緣)": This is the commentary text of the chapter author [Kuījī], which returns to closely interpret the intent of the *Mahāyānasaṃgrahavyākhyā* (*Xiǎnyáng Shèngjiao Lùn*, 顕揚聖教論). The depending [element] and its support are together in one place; hence [the text] says "they exist in mutual dependence." Even [things like] the light of the sun and moon that are separated [from direct great elements], as well as the *samādhi*, path (*mārga*), and precept-form (*śīla-rūpa*) of the formless realm — although they lack the four great elements [directly], they nevertheless exist by relying upon them in terms of their causal force. All of these are dependence causes (*yī yīn* 依因). Therefore one can say "they exist in mutual dependence." If this were not so, the material forms of the three times would have no meaning of suspended production (*xuán zào* 懸造, production at a remove from the great elements).
There are some who argue: "Since the treatise text already says 'gathered and abiding in one place, [these are] named as produced by the great elements,' it is thereby known that this passage explains the meaning of the producing [cause] only in terms of production-identical-with-substance (*jí zhì zào* 卽質造)."
Now [the present author] considers this to be incorrect. Both production-from-within-the-great-elements and production-apart-from-the-great-elements (*lí zhì zào* 離質造) all possess the dependence cause. How could there be any obstruction to also explaining the meaning of mutual dependence in terms of material forms produced at a remove from substance? For this reason, Master Jī's (*Kuījī*'s) commentary on the *Yogācārabhūmi* (*Yóuqié Chāo*), fascicle two, says: "Things like the light of the sun, though separated from the great elements, exist by relying upon them in terms of causal force, and all possess the dependence cause." This makes it clearly known [that the meaning of mutual dependence applies] to both production-identical-with-substance and production-apart-from-substance (*jí lí* 卽離).
"Not distinguishing the body as existing" (*fēi biàn tǐ yǒu* 非辨體有): when a seed produces a present manifestation (*xiàn xíng* 現行), [the seed] distinguishes [its own] body and only then produces — this is the necessary principle of the direct cause-and-condition (*qīn yīn yuán* 親因縁) — therefore, when the great elements
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produce material forms, [the great elements] take all presently manifested dharmas (*xiàn xíng fǎ* 現行法) as dominant conditions (*adhipati-pratyaya*, 増上緣), [the produced forms] existing through mutual dependence. Hence it is not [a case of] "distinguishing the body as existing" [i.e., of being a direct substantial cause].
From "discriminating by way of causes and conditions" to "[*Yogācārabhūmi*'s] ten causes [and *Mahāyānasaṃgrahavyākhyā*'s] six causes": Regarding "the ten causes" (*shí yīn* 十因): *Yogācārabhūmi* fascicle thirty-eight says: "What are the ten causes? (1) the explanatory cause (*suí shuō yīn* 随説因); (2) the observational-expectation cause (*guān dài yīn* 観待因); (3) the attractive/drawing cause (*qiān yǐn yīn* 牽引因); (4) the assisting-reception cause (*shè shòu yīn* 摂受因); (5) the arising cause (*shēng qǐ yīn* 生起因); (6) the inducing cause (*yǐn fā yīn* 引発因); (7) the definite-distinction cause (*dìng bié yīn* 定別因); (8) the cooperative-action cause (*tóng shì yīn* 同事因); (9) the opposing cause (*xiāng wéi yīn* 相違因); (10) the non-opposing cause (*bù xiāng wéi yīn* 不相違因)."
That is to say: all dharmas take name (*nāma*) as their precondition; through name, conception (*saṃjñā*, 想) arises; taking conception as precondition, verbal expression arises. This is called "the explanatory cause for those dharmas." Because one observes/awaits this, and because this serves as a cause, one seeks and grasps at this and that object. This is called "the observational-expectation cause." For example, because one observes/awaits the hand, and because the hand serves as a cause, there is the action of grasping and holding. Because one observes/awaits the feet, and because the feet serve as a cause, there is the action of going and coming, and so on. [And so forth.] All seeds (*bīja*), in relation to their future own-fruits (*sva-phala*), are named the attractive cause. All conditions other than seeds are named the assisting-reception cause. The seeds themselves, in relation to their initial own-fruits, are named the arising cause. The fruit that the initial seed has generated, in relation to the fruit that the subsequent seed has drawn, is named the inducing cause. Various different kinds, each with their distinct cause-and-condition, are named the definite-distinction cause. The observational-expectation cause, the attractive cause, the assisting-reception cause, the arising cause, the inducing cause, and the definite-distinction cause — all these causes gathered into one are named the cooperative-action cause. Causes that are able to obstruct the dharma to be produced are named the opposing cause. When this obstructing cause is absent or removed, [this] is named the non-opposing cause. The detailed explanation of their meanings is as set forth in the various commentaries.
Regarding "the six causes" (*liù yīn* 六因): *Mahāyānasaṃgrahavyākhyā* (*Xiǎnyáng Shèngjiao Lùn*) fascicle eighteen merely lists the names of the causes without explaining their meanings. (1) the similar-type cause (*tóng lèi yīn* 同類因); (2) the
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pervasive-action cause (*biàn xíng yīn* 徧行因); (3) the co-existent cause (*jù yǒu yīn* 倶有因); (4) the associated cause (*xiāng yìng yīn* 相応因); (5) the maturation cause (*yì shú yīn* 異熟因); (6) the able-to-act cause (*néng zuò yīn* 能作因). The explanation of the names of the six causes will be provided below in the appropriate place.
From "Produced by the ten causes" to "because it is regarded as the *n*th [factor] etc.": In discriminating [the relationship of] production (*zào* 造) by the ten causes, there are two sections. The first clarifies that the great elements, as they regard [their] produced [forms], fully possess the characteristics of [those] causes. The second clarifies that the produced [forms], as they regard the great elements, fully possess the characteristics of [those] causes.
In the first section — discriminating how the great elements, as they regard [their] produced [forms], fully possess [the relevant] causes — there are altogether three explanations. According to their sequence, [the counts are] seven, eight, and nine causes. This is the first explanation, stating that in total there are seven causes. [Scholarly note: Cross-reference fascicle [8, left side of the commentary] and [8, right side] of the *Shu* (*Duìfǎchāo*) with the original text (*lùn*).]
First, the attractive cause (*qiān yǐn yīn*): this cause is established based on the third [of the six] "supports of habit-energy (*vāsanā*)" (*xí qì yī chù* 習気依処). That is, among the inner and outer seeds, at the stage of not-yet-matured — i.e., when the inner and outer seeds [associated with] either the defiled or the pure [path] have not yet been moistened — all [these seeds] are able to attract [their] distant own-fruit. Hence [they are called the attractive cause].
If a pure cause: not yet moistened by a good friend (*kalyāṇamitra*, 善友) etc. If a defiled cause: not yet moistened by craving, grasping (*upādāna*), etc. If an indeterminate (*avyākṛta*, 無記) cause: not yet moistened by water, earth, etc. All these are [examples of] the support of habit-energy. Hence, based on this support, the attractive cause is established.
Second, the arising cause (*shēng qǐ yīn*): this cause is established based on the fourth [of the six] "supports of moistened seeds" (*yǒu rùn zhǒng zǐ yī chù* 有潤種子依処). That is, among the inner and outer seeds, at the stage of already-matured — i.e., when the former seeds have already been moistened — [the seeds] are only able to generate the proximate own-fruit. Hence [they are called the arising cause]. This cause differs from the former [attractive cause] only in the distinction between "already moistened" and "not yet moistened"; there is no separate substantial body [between them].
Regarding "the indeterminate [ten-]cause, including 'not yet moistened,' etc.": *Yogācārabhūmi* fascicle thirty-eight says: "There are ten kinds of causes that encompass all causes — whether for defilement (*saṃkleśa*), for purity (*vyavadāna*), or for operating as indeterminate dharmas (*avyākṛta*) in worldly [activities] such as the various kinds of farming and cultivation (*jiǎ sè* 稼穡)." [End of the treatise passage.]
Explanation: The ten causes have three [divisions]. First, the pure ten causes; second, the defiled ten causes; third, the indeterminate ten causes. The pure and defiled ten causes are as broadly explained below. The indeterminate ten causes are as
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follows: indeterminate sound serves as the nature of the explanatory cause (*suí shuō yīn*). If one takes outer grain, wheat, etc. as indeterminate dharmas, [the compound *avyākṛta-dharma*] has only a *tatpuruṣa* interpretation (依主釈), and also a *karmadhāraya* interpretation (持業釈). Because awaiting [e.g., feet, etc.] there are going and coming, etc. — this is called "the observational-expectation cause of indeterminate dharmas." Grain seeds etc., prior to being moistened, are called the attractive cause. After being moistened, they are called the arising cause. The mutual assistance of water, soil, human labor, etc., is called the assisting-reception cause (*shè shòu yīn*). From the point at which the stem etc. arise based on the seed onward, [this] is called the inducing cause (*yǐn fā yīn*). The fact that wheat definitively produces wheat and does not produce beans etc. is called the definite-distinction cause (*dìng yì yīn* 定異因). From the observational-expectation [cause] at the beginning through to the definite-distinction cause at the end, all contributing to produce the fruit of one event, is called the cooperative-action cause (*tóng shì yīn*). Frost, snow, etc. being detrimental to growing grain is called the opposing cause (*xiāng wéi yīn*). Not obstructing [the grain's] arising, abiding, etc. is called the non-opposing cause (*bù xiāng wéi yīn*).
Now, when [the text] says "the great elements, in relation to derived material forms, have seven causes," this is stated in terms of the third of the three [sets of ten causes], namely the indeterminate ten causes. Hence [the text] says "among the indeterminate causes." "Not-yet-moistened" and "already-moistened" sequentially reveal the two causes — the attractive cause and the arising cause, respectively. "Because the outer grain, wheat, etc. regard sprouts (*aṅkura*), etc." clarifies that presently manifested [dharmas], as they regard presently manifested [dharmas], have two [of the ten] causes.
From "Third, the assisting-reception cause" to "because it is received and assisted": Regarding "the assisting-reception cause" (*shè shòu yīn*): this cause is established based on six supports (*liù chù* 六処). (1) The support of immediately preceding cessation (*wú jiàn miè yī chù* 無間滅依処) — this is the immediately preceding condition (*samanantara-pratyaya*, 等無間縁) of mind (*citta*) and mental factors (*caitasika*). (2) The support of the object-sphere (*jìng jiè yī chù* 境界依処) — its body (substance) extends to all dharmas, but its fruit is limited to mind and mental factors only. (3) The support of faculties (*gēn yī chù* 根依処) — its body consists of the six sense faculties (*ṣaḍ-indriya*), extending to both the eight consciousnesses (*aṣṭa-vijñāna*) and the five physical sense faculties as its body, with its fruit limited to mind and mental factors only. (4) The support of function (*zuò yòng yī chù* 作用依処) — the function of the instrumental cause (*karaṇa*) with respect to the activity being performed; this refers to [conditions from] presently manifested [dharmas] serving as conditions, other than seeds. (5) The support of personal efficacy (*shì yòng yī chù* 士用依処) — the function of the agent (*kartṛ*) with respect to the activity being performed; this refers to [conditions from] presently manifested [dharmas] serving as conditions, other than seeds. (6) The support of true vision (*zhēn shí jiàn yī chù* 真実見依処) — all uncontaminated (*anāsrava*, 無漏) vision (*darśana*), which serves as a cause for all unconditioned (*asaṃskṛta*, 無為) and conditioned (*saṃskṛta*, 有為) dharmas. In sum, based upon these six [supports],