英語訳
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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror — Great Elements and Derived Forms Chapter
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(Continued from the previous page) ...the assisting-reception cause (*shèshòu yīn* 摂受因) is established. Of these, the first five [of the six supports] rely upon indirect/distant reception (*shū suǒ shèshòu* 疎所攝受), and thereby account for the defiled (*āsrava*, 有漏) dharmas of the three realms. If the sixth [the support of true vision] is also included [within the scope of] indirect reception, then it accounts for the uncontaminated (*anāsrava*, 無漏) dharmas as well. That is, the sixth support does not extend to the defiled [dharmas]. Because [this cause] assists in the completion of cause-and-condition (*hetu-pratyaya*), it is named "reception and assistance (*shèshòu* 摂受)"; and because [it specifically functions by] excluding [the primary] cause-and-condition [itself], [it is so named]. The *Abhidharmasamuccaya* (*Duìfǎ Lùn*, 対法論) [Fascicle 4, folio 16 recto] says: "Just as fields, water, fertilizer, etc., in relation to grains producing sprouts and the like — although [the sprouts] are produced by their own seeds — [the fields, water, etc.] augment [the seeds'] power. This is called the assisting-reception cause."
Regarding these six supports: for uncontaminated dharmas, all six are fully present. For defiled dharmas, only five are present. But it is not the case that all defiled dharmas possess all five or more; mind (*citta*) and mental factors (*caitasika*, 心所) that arise all fully possess the five supports, whereas [dharmas] that are not mind and mental factors are not fixed in this respect. The first five of these supports extend to the indeterminate (*avyākṛta*, 無記) cause; the last one does not.
"Because it is received and assisted by the support of personal efficacy (*shìyòng yīchù* 士用依処)": The personal efficacy (*shìyòng* 士用) has two [senses]. First, [efficacy] named *shìyòng* by reference to the dharma [itself]; second, [efficacy] named *shìyòng* by reference to the conventionally posited person (*jiǎ rén* 假人). For example, when eye-consciousness arises, [the text] takes the eye faculty (*cakṣur-indriya*) and [its] seed as the support of personal efficacy, and takes the immediately-preceding condition (*samanantara-pratyaya*), the object-condition (*ālambana-pratyaya*), etc., as the support of function (*zuòyòng yī* 作用依). The [eye] faculty is somewhat more direct [as a cause], hence [it counts as the support of personal efficacy]. This is explained in terms of dharmas [themselves] serving in the role of personal efficacy.
If a conventionally posited person serves as the personal efficacy: when a person, with regard to a grain's sprout, [acts as the agent], the person serves as the personal efficacy and earth, water, etc. serve as the [instrumental] function. The [instrumental] function is more indirect/distant than the [agent's] personal work. Hence [*Note:* One textual variant inserts the characters *ruò yī* 若依 ("if according to") below the character *gù* 故], *Yogācārabhūmi* fascicle thirty-eight [*Note:* The full text is not in fascicle thirty-eight; this is text from *Shu* (*Duìfǎchāo*) fascicle 8, folio 11 left. Some say it takes the intent from fascicle 38, folio 10 left] says, among the indeterminate causes: "All have personal efficacy; all take earth, water, etc. as personal efficacy and take sunlight, the hoe and [other] tools as [instrumental] function."
Now, [the text here] explains the meaning of assisting-reception in terms of the personal efficacy of dharmas [themselves]. That is, when derived [material forms] (*suǒzào* 所造) arise, [they] take the producing great elements and [their] seeds as the support of personal efficacy (*shìyòng yī* 士用依), because [the great elements] serve as the proximate condition when the great elements look toward the derived [forms]. The remaining conditions serve as the support of [instrumental] function (*zuòyòng yī* 作用依). Since [the text here] clarifies the support of personal efficacy, it says "because it is received and assisted by the support of personal efficacy."
【Lower Section】
From "Fourth, the inducing cause (*yǐnfā yīn* 引発因)" to "and because of [their] own nature": Regarding "the inducing cause": this cause is established based on the eleventh [of the supports], the support of accordance (*suíshùn yīchù* 随順依処). That is, [it applies to] dharmas of the three moral qualities (*trisvabhāva*, 三性) [good, bad, and indeterminate] and also extends to the uncontaminated [dharmas]. The presently manifested and seed-form conditioned phenomena (*saṃskāra*, 諸行) are able to accord with (*suíshùn* 随順) dharmas of the same kind (*tónglèi* 同類) and of superior grade (*shèngpǐn* 勝品). The term "same kind" differentiates [this cause] from cases where different types serve as causes — [applying only] when one specifically regards the causal nature [of the relationship]. The term "superior grade" differentiates the case where one's own same-type serves as a cause for an inferior grade. The *Mahāśāstra* (*Dà Lùn*) fascicle five and elsewhere says: "The indeterminate serves as a cause for the pure (*kuśala*, 善) and the defiled (*kleśa*, 染)." However, when viewed in terms of currently manifested [dharmas], the nature can also be the same. [The inducing cause] also serves as a cause for nirvāṇa [as an unconditioned dharma]. Present [dharmas] drawing seeds, seeds drawing present [dharmas], and seeds drawing seeds — all of these are this [inducing] cause. When one discusses the matter in terms of [the distinction between] realms (*dhātu*, 界) and nature (*svabhāva*, 性), they have mutual variations in breadth and narrowness — as [set forth] in the *Mahāyānasaṃgrahavyākhyā* (*Xiǎnyáng Lùn*, 顕揚論) [*Note:* fascicle 18, folio 14 recto].
Now, [the text here] explains provisionally in terms of the inducing cause among the indeterminate ten causes. Sprouts, stems, fruits, etc. succeeding one another in sequence, in relation to farming and cultivation either reaching completion or ripening — these serve as the inducing cause.
Fifth, the definite-distinction cause (*dìngyì yīn* 定異因): this cause is established based on the twelfth [support], the support of distinct functional power (*chābié gōngnéng yīchù* 差別功能依処). This pertains only to things of the same nature (*svabhāva*, 自性). Even if of a different nature, [they must be] of corresponding suitability (*xiāngchèng* 相稱). That is: wholesome (*kuśala*, 善) karma definitively draws [its result as] the eighth consciousness (*ālayavijñāna*) of humans and gods, not [that of] evil destinies (*durgati*, 悪趣) — this is because of [appropriate] correspondence (*xiāngchèng*). It is not the case that a different nature without correspondence serves as a cause. That is: dharmas of one's own realm serve as a cause for one's own realm; within one's own realm, [things of] one's own nature serve as a cause for [things of] one's own nature; within one's own nature, [things of] form (*rūpa*, 色) serve as a cause for form; within form, internal [form] serves as a cause for internal [form]; within internal [form], the nourishment-type (*zhǎngyǎng* 長養) serves as a cause for the nourishment-type; and so on, *et cetera*.
Whether serving as a cause for conditioned [dharmas] (*saṃskṛta*, 有為) and capable of producing a fruit, or serving as a cause for unconditioned [dharmas] (*asaṃskṛta*, 無為) and capable of realizing that fruit — having distinctive power and the causal nature being in correspondence is called "definite" (*dìng* 定); not being shared with anything else (*gòng*, 共) is called "distinct" (*yì* 異). In the case of indeterminate causes, barley definitively produces barley and does not produce beans, etc. This is called the definite-distinction cause.
"Drawing up what is of the same kind" (*yǐn tónglèi qǐ* 引同類起): this is an explanation of the inducing cause. This
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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror — Great Elements and Derived Forms Chapter
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cause ordinarily draws both same-grade (*tóngpǐn* 同品) and superior-grade (*shèngpǐn* 勝品) [dharmas], but when the great elements regard the derived [forms], [the great elements] only draw same-grade and have no superior grade. The reason this is so is that the welfare and harm (*āngēi* 安危) of the producing and the produced [elements] are necessarily the same, hence there is no superior grade.
"And because of [their] own nature" (*jí zìxìng gù* 及自性故): this is an explanation of the definite-distinction cause. The great [elements] that produce the five sense-fields (*pañca-viṣaya*, 五塵) each serve as a cause for what corresponds to themselves respectively. Because [their causal relationships] are individually fixed (*biédìng* 別定), it says "because of [their] own nature."
From "Sixth, the cooperative-action cause (*tóngshì yīn* 同事因)" to "because of these two [causes]": The cooperative-action cause is established based on the thirteenth [support], the support of combination (*héhé yīchù* 和合依処). Among the ten causes, from the observational-expectation cause through to the definite-distinction cause — these six causes serve as the nature of this [cooperative-action] cause; the explanatory cause (*suíshuō yīn* 随説因) is not included because [language/speech] is indirect and distant. Language and [real] dharmas do not combine together; being causally distant, [language] is not taken as the [cooperative-action cause's] nature.
Since the [underlying] causes are identical to the foregoing [six causes] [*Note:* "Foregoing" may be an error for "separate"], its fruits are also the same. With respect to fruits such as arising, etc., it is in terms of a single [coordinated] event-action (*yīshì yè* 一事業). This cause extends to both defiled and uncontaminated [dharmas]. This [discussion] discriminates the substance of the cause in terms of the three moral qualities. For the indeterminate cause: from the observational-expectation cause at the beginning through to the definite-distinction cause at the end — all together [working] toward the accomplishment of the farming and cultivation event — this obtaining of maturation is called the cooperative-action cause.
The non-opposing cause (*bùxiāngwéi yīn* 不相違因): this cause is established based on the fifteenth [support], the support of non-obstruction (*bù zhàngài yīchù* 不障礙依処). With respect to the events of arising (*jāti*), abiding (*sthiti*), completion (*saṃpatti*), and obtaining (*prāpti*) — all dharmas that together do not serve as obstruction form its nature. For the indeterminate cause: frost, hail, disaster, etc., in relation to green sprouts, are the obstructing cause [i.e., the opposing cause]. When these obstructing [causes] are either absent or removed, this is called the non-opposing cause.
Among the seven causes, these last two causes — [the cooperative-action and non-opposing causes] — do not conflict with the first five and together account for their fruits; hence [the text] says "encompassing the preceding causes [and making them serve] as these two."
From "The opposing cause (*xiāngwéi yīn* 相違因)" to "there is no observational-expectation cause (*guāndài yīn* 観待因)": Among these ten causes, only seven are selected,
【Lower Section】
while the remaining three causes are excluded.
Regarding "the opposing cause" (*xiāngwéi yīn*): this cause is established based on the fourteenth [support], the support of obstruction (*zhàngài yīchù* 障礙依処). Dharmas capable of obstructing arising, abiding, etc. — these are called the opposing cause. This opposing cause and the non-opposing [cause] both extend to [dharmas that are both] defiled and uncontaminated. Their fruits are also the same [in this regard]: they cause conditioned uncontaminated [dharmas] not to arise, and [cause] unconditioned [dharmas] not to become manifest.
If one relies on the Mahāyāna [perspective]: although the characteristic of cessation (*nirodha-lakṣaṇa*, 滅相) does not depend on a cause [i.e., cessation does not itself require a productive cause], the opposing cause serves as a cause of arising for the subsequent subsequent dharmas (*hòuhòu fǎ* 後後法), and [when something] opposes a prior dharma, it is named the opposing cause. It is not that [the opposing cause] serves as a cause for the cessation of prior dharmas. In general, only when cause and fruit are mutually opposed (*xiāngfǎn* 相反) does something serve as an opposing cause.
When the great elements regard derived material forms, cause and fruit are mutually concordant (*xiāngshùn* 相順), and benefit and harm are necessarily the same. Hence there is no opposing cause.
As for the explanatory cause (*suíshuō yīn*): its nature consists of sound [as a vehicle of linguistic expression], but the great elements are not verbal/linguistic in nature; hence the great elements have no meaning of this cause with respect to [their] derived [forms].
[Things that] mutually await one another in a distantly-related manner are called the observational-expectation cause (*guāndài yīn*). The great elements and the "sprout" of derived material forms are intimately and mutually dependent upon one another; hence there is no observational-expectation cause.
From "Some hold [the number of causes] to be eight" to "adding the opposing cause": The second of the next two explanations says: the great elements, in regard to derived material forms, have eight causes in total. Of the [three] causes excluded by the former [first explanation], only the explanatory cause and the opposing cause are excluded. The producing and the produced stand [in their relationship] through mutual observation/awaiting (*xiāngdài* 相待); how could there be no observational-expectation [cause]? [Hence the second view holds that the relationship] also extends to the observational-expectation [cause], establishing both the producing and the produced as the two [terms of the cause]. Hence [this view arrives at] eight [causes].
"Some hold [it] to be perhaps nine, etc.": This is the third explanation. The great elements, in regard to derived material forms, have nine causes in total. Among the ten causes, only the explanatory cause is excluded; the remaining nine are all present. The reason for adding the opposing cause is: among the indeterminate causes, frost and similar [adverse] great elements, in relation to their yellowing leaves, are the opposing cause. In general, the opposing cause only serves as a cause for yellowing leaves; it does not serve as a cause for the already-ceased green [leaves], etc. That is, it is precisely because [these great elements] serve as what-opposes — that is the cause — that [they are] called the opposing cause. The fruit of the opposition is the yellowing leaf. Hence, the great elements in regard to [their] derived [forms],