英語訳
【Right Page】
【Outside frame, upper right】
162
【Outside frame, upper right horizontal】
Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror — Great Elements and Derived Forms Chapter
【Outside frame, lower right horizontal】
162
【Upper Section】
(Continued from previous page) ...there are nine causes in total, because the opposing cause (*xiāngwéi yīn* 相違因) is added. As for these three explanations above, [the text] has not yet clarified which masters [advanced these views]. Therefore, [the author] cannot record their names. If there is someone who is knowledgeable about [this point], it is hoped that they will be kind enough to note it down.
From "Derived forms (*suǒzào* 所造) regarding the great elements" to "because of these two [causes]": The foregoing [section] explained how many causes are present when the great elements regard derived forms. Now, the second [section] clarifies how many causes are present when derived forms regard the great elements. There are three explanations [on this topic], arriving in order at eight, nine, and ten [causes respectively]. This is the first explanation, holding that there are eight causes in total.
The explanatory cause (*suíshuō yīn* 随説因): Sound is a derived [material] form (*suǒzào* 所造), and yet is able to explicate (*quányǐng* 詮) the great elements. Hence, derived sound, in relation to the producing great elements, serves as the explanatory cause. Thus [the text] says "because sound and speech (*yīnyīng yánshuō* 音声言説) expound and distinguish the great elements."
Second, the observational-expectation cause (*guāndài yīn* 観待因): The producing and the produced mutually await [and depend upon] one another, forming this cause [between them]. The meaning of "awaiting" extends to both the proximate (*qīn* 親) and the distantly-related (*shū* 疎). Here [the text] explains in terms of the distantly-related (*shū*), hence [it says that] derived [forms], when regarding the great elements, serve as the observational-expectation cause.
"Among the defiled-and-pure (*rǎnjìng* 染浄) [ten] causes," etc.: The ten causes are of three kinds: first, the ten pure (*jìng* 浄) causes; second, the ten defiled (*rǎn* 染) causes; third, the ten indeterminate (*wújì* 無記) causes.
"The ten pure causes" means: uncontaminated (*anāsrava*) wholesome sound is taken as the substance of the explanatory cause; the nature of feeling (*vedanā*, 受) in the pure stage is taken as the substance of the observational-expectation cause; all [currently-existing] seeds are taken as the substance of the two causes of drawing (*牽引因*, karṣaṇa-hetu) and originating (*生起因*, janana-hetu); the six distantly-assisting supports (*shū xiāng shèshòu liù yīchù* 疎相攝受六依處) of uncontaminated insight (*vipaśyanā*, 見) etc. are taken as the substance of the assisting-reception cause (*shèshòu yīn* 攝受因); that which does not distantly receive both seeds and currently manifested [dharmas] is taken as the substance of the inducing cause (*yǐnfā yīn* 引発因); uncontaminated seeds and their currently-manifested counterparts are taken as the substance of the definite-distinction cause (*dìngyì yīn* 定異因). From the pure observational-expectation [cause] at the beginning through to the definite-distinction cause at the end, all these dharmas collectively serve as the substance of the cooperative-action cause (*tóngshì yīn* 同事因). All defiled-and-mixed (*záchrǎn* 雑染) dharmas serve as the opposing cause (*xiāngwéi yīn* 相違因) for pure dharmas. Those uncontaminated dharmas which do not mutually obstruct one another in the matters of arising, abiding, completion, and obtaining serve as the substance of the non-opposing cause (*bùxiāngwéi yīn* 不相違因).
"The ten defiled causes" means: unwholesome sound is taken as the nature of the explanatory cause. In waiting upon (*dài* 待) suffering (*duḥkha*, 苦受), there is pleasure (*sukha*, 楽受); in waiting upon an evil companion (*pāpamitra*, 悪知識), there is a good friend (*kalyāṇamitra*, 善友); in waiting upon what is received, there is the one who receives — these are the observational-expectation cause.
【Lower Section】
The seven limbs (*aṅga*, 支) [of dependent origination] such as ignorance (*avidyā*, 無明) etc. are called the drawing cause (*qiānyǐn yīn* 牽引因). The three limbs of craving (*tṛṣṇā*, 愛), clinging (*upādāna*, 取), and becoming (*bhava*, 有) are called the originating cause (*shēngqǐ yīn* 生起因). By distantly receiving and assisting with regard to objects (*viṣaya*, 境), [something] is called the assisting-reception cause (*shèshòu yīn*). The lower realm drawing out the three grades above it — superior, middling, and inferior — [producing] mutual arising, whether as seeds or as manifest [dharmas], serves as the inducing cause (*yǐnfā yīn*). What is capable of bringing about a fruit of its own realm, etc., [serving] in a mutually awaiting manner, serves as the definite-distinction cause (*dìngyì yīn*). From the observational-expectation cause through to the end [at the] definite-distinction [cause], all together obtaining their fruit [in a coordinated way] is called the cooperative-action cause (*tóngshì yīn*). Whatever uncontaminated dharmas etc. [are present] serve as the opposing cause (*xiāngwéi yīn*) for defiled-and-mixed dharmas. That which does not mutually obstruct in the matters of arising, abiding, completion, and obtaining is called the non-opposing cause (*bùxiāngwéi yīn*).
The ten indeterminate causes have already been explained [earlier in this text]. Now [the text] explains these two causes [i.e., the explanatory cause and the observational-expectation cause] in terms of the first two [sets] — the ten defiled and ten pure causes. Hence [it] says "among the defiled-and-pure [ten] causes," etc.
"As for the [observance of] vows-and-precepts (*sāvadya-śīla*, 律儀戒) and meditation-accompanied precepts (*dhyāna-saṃvara-śīla*, 定俱戒), the un-moistened and the already-moistened": This clarifies the two causes — the drawing cause (*qiānyǐn yīn*) and the originating cause (*shēngqǐ yīn*) — within the pure [ten] causes. Those various pure dharmas, when they have not yet been moistened/activated by the power of a good friend (*kalyāṇamitra*) etc., are called the drawing cause (*qiānyǐn yīn*) in relation to their subsequent self-fruits (*svaphala*). After they have been moistened and from that point on, they are called the originating cause (*shēngqǐ yīn*).
"As for the un-moistened and already-moistened [states] of non-vow-holding precepts (*avadya-śīla*, 不律儀戒)": those various defiled dharmas, when not yet moistened by the power of craving, love (*tṛṣṇā*, 貪愛) and evil companions (*pāpamitra*, 悪友) etc., are called the drawing cause in relation to their subsequent self-fruits. After they have been moistened and from that point on, they are called the originating cause. Because these two causes are present within derived [forms], [derived forms] are thereby capable of drawing out and giving rise to the subsequent ripened (*vipāka*, 異熟) great elements. Hence, when derived forms regard the great elements, [they] possess these two causes.
From "Fifth, the assisting-reception cause" to "the non-opposing cause": "Because it is received and assisted by the support of [instrumental] function" (*zuòyòng yīchù suǒ shèshòu gù* 作用依處所攝受故): within the assisting-reception cause, there are six supporting bases (*āśraya*, 依処). The first five supporting bases distantly receive and assist [the dharmas], thereby accounting for the defiled (*āsrava*, 有漏) dharmas of the three realms. If the sixth support is also combined, [it] accounts for uncontaminated (*anāsrava*, 無漏) dharmas. Assisting in the completion of cause-and-condition [relationships] is called reception and assistance (*shèshòu* 攝受).
【Left Page】
【Outside frame, upper left】
163
【Outside frame, upper left horizontal】
Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror — Great Elements and Derived Forms Chapter
【Outside frame, lower left horizontal】
163
【Upper Section】
It is not the case that all defiled dharmas possess all five supports. When mind (*citta*) and mental factors (*caitasika*, 心所) arise, they all fully possess the five supports. But derived forms (*suǒzào sè* 造色) in relation to great elements are not mind (*citta*) or mental factors etc. Hence among the five supports, [derived forms] only have [the support of] distantly-assisted reception via the support of [instrumental] function (*zuòyòng yīchù* 作用依処). That is: excluding seeds and the directly proximate auxiliary conditions, the remaining distantly-related auxiliary conditions [mean that] derived [forms], with respect to the great elements, fully possess the conditions that distantly and mutually assist through functional [operation], and thereby are capable of drawing out and giving rise to the subsequent ripened great elements. Hence [the text] says "because it is received and assisted by the support of [instrumental] function."
"Because [the definite-distinction cause] distinctly and definitively draws in its own ripened [great elements]" (*dìng bié néng zhāo zì yìshú gù* 定別能招自異熟故): In general, the definite-distinction cause (*dìngyì yīn*) involves self-nature (*svabhāva*, 自性) corresponding appropriately (*xiāngchèng* 相稱). That is: wholesome (*kuśala*, 善) karma definitively draws the eighth consciousness (*ālayavijñāna*, 第八識) of humans and gods, not [that of] evil destinies (*durgati*, 悪趣) — this is because of [appropriate] correspondence. [Things of] one's own nature serve as a cause for [things of] one's own [nature]. Within one's own nature, form (*rūpa*, 色) serves as a cause for form. Within form, internal [form] serves as a cause for internal [form]. Within internal [form], the nourishment-type (*zhǎngyǎng* 長養) serves as a cause for the nourishment-type. Having differential power and self-nature corresponding appropriately is called "definite" (*dìng* 定); not being shared with [any] other [type] is called "distinct" (*yì* 異). Regarding derived forms in relation to great elements: form-[type] derived forms only draw form great elements, not sound; sound-[type] derived forms only draw sound great elements, not form. This is called "definitively drawing one's own ripened [result]." Hence [derived forms] possess this cause.
Seventh, the cooperative-action cause (*tóngshì yīn* 同事因): Among the causes [mentioned] above, excluding the explanatory cause (*suíshuō yīn*), the remaining five kinds of causes possess a force of combination (*héhé* 和合) in relation to events such as arising, and together accomplish a single task/operation (*yè* 業). Hence they are called the cooperative-action cause. The reason for excluding the explanatory cause is that language/speech (*yánshuō* 言説) and [actual] dharmas do not combine with one another, being causally distantly-related, and thus [speech] is not taken as [the cooperative-action cause's] nature. The [underlying] causes are already [the same as the] foregoing [causes] [*Note:* "foregoing" (*qián* 前) is probably an error for "separate" (*bié* 別)]. Its fruits are also accordingly [the same]. The non-opposing cause (*bùxiāngwéi yīn*): its meaning is easily understood [from the above].
From "Excluding the inducing cause" to "because it is not concordant": This [passage] excludes the remaining [inapplicable] causes. "Capable of inducing same-type (*tónglèi* 同類), same-grade (*tóngpǐn* 同品), superior-grade (*shèngpǐn* 勝品) etc.": In general, the inducing cause (*yǐnfā yīn*) involves: the presently-manifest drawing out seeds, seeds drawing out the presently-manifest, the presently-manifest drawing out the presently-manifest, seeds drawing out seeds — all of these are this cause. When the fruit looks to its own type, its nature must necessarily be the same. To say "same-type
【Lower Section】
and same-grade" is to exclude [cases where] different types (*yìlèi* 異類) serve as causes — [restricting this] to looking only at one's own nature. To say "superior-grade" (*shèngpǐn*) is to exclude [cases where] one's own same-type serves as a cause for a lower grade.
Derived forms, in regarding the great elements, are already of a different type (*yìlèi* 異類). Hence they cannot serve as a cause by drawing [something of] the same grade. Also, the producing and the produced are equal in terms of superiority and inferiority (*shènglüè* 勝劣). Hence they cannot serve as a cause by drawing [something of] the superior grade.
The *Mahāśāstra* (*Dà Lùn*, 大論 = *Yogācārabhūmi-śāstra*), fascicle five, says: "The indeterminate serves as a cause for the wholesome and the defiled, namely the seeds of each in the foundational consciousness (*ālayavijñāna*, 本識). However, when looking at currently-manifested [dharmas], the nature is also the same." From this one should know that [dharmas] that serve as causes by drawing superior-grade [results] are also inducing causes. When the producing [elements] are inferior, the produced [forms] are also inferior; when the producing are superior, the produced are also superior. Looking at each other, they are equal (*qíděng* 斉等). Hence they cannot serve as a cause by drawing [something of] the superior grade. Therefore this cause [the inducing cause] is excluded.
From "Or some say there are nine [causes]" to "because there is an opposing cause": These are the latter two explanations [of how many causes exist when derived forms regard great elements]. The first interpretation says: there are nine causes in total. The reason for adding the inducing cause (*yǐnfā yīn*) is as follows: Taking [first] the indeterminate causes — sprouts, stems, fruits, etc., succeeding one another in sequence, in relation to the farming and cultivation (*jiǎsè* 稼穡) [*Note:* The preceding fascicle 38 sheet writes *jià* 稼 (grain crops); the present [text] should follow that reading — this is based on citing *Yogācārabhūmi* fascicle 38 as referenced in *Mi* (*Bì*-*Shū*) fascicle 8 (folio 7 recto)], whether reaching completion or ripening — [these] serve as the inducing cause. Following this principle and rationale, the producing and the produced mutually induce one another, hence this cause [the inducing cause] is present.
"Or, for [the view of] ten causes, because there is an opposing cause": This is the third explanation. An ancient master (*gǔshī* 古師) explaining the ten indeterminate causes says: "At the beginning of a cosmic age (*kalpa*, 劫), there were no grain-seeds (*gǔzǐ* 穀子). Following conventional designations (*prajñaptinām*, 假名), the name of 'grain-seed' was spoken. This was the explanatory cause. Because of the existence of the name 'grain-seed,' there came to be the fruit of grain rice (*gǔmǐ* 穀米) — this was [what the ancient master calls] the 'already-existing cause' (*yǐ yǒu yīn* 已有因) and [what] the present [treatise] calls the observational-expectation cause (*guāndài yīn*). Riding upon the name (*míng*, 名) to seek grain, one consequently undertook field-farming (*tiánnóng* 田農) — this was [what the ancient master calls] the 'planting cause' (*zhòngzhí yīn* 種植因) and [what] the present [treatise] calls the drawing cause (*qiānyǐn yīn*). The seed's ability to produce a sprout was [what the ancient master calls] the 'generating cause' (*shēng yīn* 生因) and [what] the present [treatise] calls the originating cause (*shēngqǐ yīn*). The moistening and nourishing by water was [what the ancient master calls] the 'assisting cause' (*shè yīn* 攝因) and [what] the present [treatise] calls the assisting-reception cause (*shèshòu yīn*). The sprout producing stems and leaves was [what the ancient master calls] the 'growth cause' (*zēngzhǎng yīn* 増長因) and [what] the present [treatise] calls...