英語訳
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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror — Great Elements and Derived Forms Chapter
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(Continued from previous page) ...[this ancient master calls] the inducing cause (*yǐnfā yīn* 引発因). Rice producing rice again, and millet producing millet again — this was [what the ancient master calls] the "own-seed cause" (*zì zhǒng yīn* 自種因), which the present [treatise] calls the definite-distinction cause (*dìngyì yīn* 定異因). Gathering together the preceding seven causes and harmoniously combining [them] to produce the fruit was [what the ancient master calls] the "shared-operation cause" (*gòng shì yīn* 共事因), which the present [treatise] calls the cooperative-action cause (*tóngshì yīn* 同事因). Frost and snow stimulating growth and causing grain fruit to ripen was [what the ancient master calls] the opposing cause (*xiāngwéi yīn* 相違因). Wind and sunlight causing drying so that [the grain] does not rot and decay was [what the ancient master calls] the non-opposing cause (*bùxiāngwéi yīn* 不相違因). When the grain-seed comes to obtain its fruit, in the end it fully possesses all ten causes. All other indeterminate things are analogously the same. However, the ancient master's explanation of causes rests on the basis that the arising of all dharmas fully possesses the ten causes. This third explanation is [therefore] equivalent to the ancient master's interpretation. [The master known as] Biāo (慓) Dharma Master and other ancient worthies (*gǔdé* 古德) all advanced this explanation.
From "Six causes [that] produce [derived forms]" to "all are dominant conditions (*adhipati-pratyaya*, 増上縁)": The "six causes" are: (1) the same-type cause (*tónglèi yīn* 同類因); (2) the universally-operative cause (*biànxíng yīn* 遍行因); (3) the simultaneous cause (*jùyǒu yīn* 倶有因); (4) the concomitant cause (*xiāngyìng yīn* 相応因); (5) the maturation cause (*yìshú yīn* 異熟因); (6) the operative cause (*néngzuò yīn* 能作因).
[The commentary] explains: To briefly elucidate the substance [of each]:
The first, the same-type cause (*tónglèi yīn*): Only conditioned (*saṃskṛta*, 有為) dharmas [operate here]: because the type of the produced fruit must necessarily be the same [as the cause]. Another interpretation: The True Thusness (*tathatā*, 真如), previously hidden and later manifest, has a nature and type that is already equal [to itself before and after], so it is also a same-type cause.
Second, the universally-operative cause (*biànxíng yīn*): Only conditioned defilements (*kleśa*, 惑) of [the appropriate] grade are taken as the substance of this cause. It also extends to both proximate and distantly-related [relationships]. According to the Sarvāstivāda (*Sārvāstivādin*, 薩婆多) [*Note*: cf. *Abhidharmakośa* fascicle 6; *Mahāvibhāṣā* fascicle 16 (folio 7)], the eleven universally-binding afflictions (*biànshǐ* 遍使) and their concomitant dharmas are taken as the substance of the universally-operative cause. Under the truth of suffering (*duḥkha-satya*), there are seven: five [wrong] views, doubt, and delusion. Under the truth of origination (*samudaya-satya*), there are four: two [wrong] views, doubt, and delusion. "Two views" refers to wrong view (*mithyādṛṣṭi*, 邪見) and view-grasping (*dṛṣṭi-parāmarśa*, 見取見). Because these eleven [afflictions] universally bind the five [sense] gates (*pañcadvāra*, 五門), they universally give rise to all defilements. Hence these are universally-operative causes.
According to the Mahāyāna, all dharmas abandoned by [insight on] the seeing path (*darśana-mārga*, 見道断) are taken as the substance of this cause: because delusion regarding the truth-principle (*satyatā*, 諦理) is the root of defilement, and because all of these have the power to increase defilement, they all extend to both seeds and currently-manifest [dharmas]. Furthermore, following the [logical] principle [of interpretation],
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[the universally-operative cause] also extends to [afflictions] abandoned by the meditation path (*bhāvanā-mārga*, 修道断). Just as the afflictions of the manas-consciousness (*kliṣṭa-manas*, 末那識) are capable of universally increasing defilement — how could these not be [instances of] this cause? The meditation-path afflictions (*bhāvanā-heya*, 修惑) arising in the remaining six consciousnesses also have, in sequence, the meaning of mutually increasing [defilement], and hence are also universally-operative causes. It is not the case that only universal conditioning (*biànyuán* 遍縁) and universal binding (*biànfù* 遍縛) constitute [the universally-operative cause].
Third, the simultaneous cause (*jùyǒu yīn*): Only conditioned [dharmas] are taken [here]. Because the substance of this cause arises together with its fruit, unconditioned (*asaṃskṛta*, 無為) [dharmas], not arising, are not this substance. In the Mahāyāna, regarding the [question of] whether the four great elements (*mahābhūta*, 四大) are simultaneous or non-simultaneous: sometimes one great element [arises] first and the remaining great elements arise afterwards; sometimes the great elements arise first and the derived forms arise subsequently. According to the Sarvāstivāda, when taking the great elements in relation to derived forms, derived forms are not subsumed under the simultaneous cause, because [the two] are of different natures (*svabhāva*, 性). According to the Mahāyāna school, [derived forms] are also [instances of] the simultaneous cause: because those that proximately and mutually produce one another must be of the same nature. Even if they are of different natures, if there is power at the simultaneous moment [of existence], that is also the simultaneous cause.
Fourth, the concomitant cause (*xiāngyìng yīn*): Only the conditioned [dharmas] of the mind-group (*cittasaṃgraha*, 心聚) are taken as [its] substance. There is only [that which has a] condition. If the currently-manifest mind-factors (*caitasika*, 心所) are distantly related [to the mind], the concomitant cause is necessarily simultaneous [with the mind]. If seeds of the mind give rise to currently-manifest mind and mind-factors, [the cause] is necessarily simultaneous with its fruit. At the time of taking the fruit, [the seed and fruit] are necessarily not of the same moment. Because seeds in this consciousness give rise to [currently-manifest] concomitant [dharmas], [it] is called the concomitant cause.
Fifth, the maturation cause (*vipāka-hetu*, 異熟因): Only unwholesome [karma] and contaminated (*āsrava*, 有漏) wholesome [karma] are taken as the substance of this cause. If of indeterminate (*avyākṛta*, 無記) nature, [the case of] name-expression seeds (*nāmavyañjana-bīja*, 名言種子) producing maturation results is [a case of] the same-type cause (*tónglèi yīn*), not the maturation cause (*yìshú yīn*).
Sixth, the operative cause (*kāraṇa-hetu*, 能作因): All dharmas are taken as [its] substance. Because when all dharmas regard the fruit that is produced, either by abiding without obstruction or by being capable of drawing [it] forth and producing [it], they all have the function of operatively producing the fruit — for this reason [it is] called "operative" (*néngzuò* 能作). This concludes the brief explanation of the substance of the six causes.
Regarding "the six causes [operating at the level of] currently-manifest [dharmas]": the *Xiǎngyáng* (*Mahāyānasaṃgrahopanibandhana*, 顕揚聖教論) fascicle eighteen [saying] "all are dominant conditions (*adhipati-pratyaya*)": this is not a precise citation of the text of the treatise, but rather a paraphrase of its intent. The *Xiǎngyáng* fascicle eighteen fully lists the six
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names [of the causes], excluding only the maturation cause (*yìshú yīn*), and refutes the remaining five causes. The Sarvāstivāda maintains that there are six causes: the five causes [other than the operative cause] are of the nature of direct causes-and-conditions (*hetu-pratyaya*, 因縁), while the operative cause is [of the nature of] dominant conditions (*adhipati-pratyaya*, 増上縁). Now, the masters of that school (*Sarvāstivāda*), relying on currently-arising dharmas, establish the six causes and maintain that [all six] are direct causes-and-conditions. Hence the author of the treatise (Vasubandhu) refutes this. As for the maturation cause (*yìshú yīn*): because there is no distinction in meaning between wholesome and unwholesome karma bringing about an indeterminate fruit, [the *Xiǎngyáng*] did not refute it. That treatise, in accord with the intent of the other [i.e., Sarvāstivāda] school, expounds the six causes [operating at the level of] currently-manifest [dharmas]. Here [the present commentary] indicates its intent [in citing this]. Hence [it] says "all are dominant conditions."
From "*Duìfǎ* (*Abhidharmasamuccaya*, 対法論) fascicle four" to "establishing the remaining five causes": The fourth fascicle of that treatise, explaining the character of causes-and-conditions (*hetu-pratyaya-lakṣaṇa*), says: "Also: because of own-nature (*svabhāva*, 自性); because of distinction (*viśeṣa*, 差別); because of cooperation (*sahāya*, 助伴); because of coextension (*samanvāgama*, 等行); because of augmentation (*upabrṃhaṇa*, 増益); because of obstruction (*vighna*, 障礙); because of acceptance-and-support (*parigraha*, 攝受) — these are the characteristics of causes-and-conditions." And further it says: "Own-nature" (*svabhāva*, 自性) refers to the own-nature of the operative cause. Because [the other] causes are established based on the own-nature of the operative cause, one should know that all causes are subsumed within the operative cause. In order to reveal the meaning of distinctions, [the text] furthermore separately establishes the cooperation cause and other causes.
[The commentary] explains: The reason why the operative cause is called "own-nature" is this: because the substance of causes has the function of operatively producing fruit, the operative cause is established upon the substance of causes.
Question: If having the ability to operatively produce fruit is called the operative cause (*néngzuò yīn*), then all causes are capable of operatively producing fruit. Therefore, all causes ought to be subsumed under the operative cause. How can there be the remaining five [causes] in addition?
In order to answer this question, [the treatise] says: "One should know that all causes are subsumed within the operative cause." Because [the text] wishes to reveal that within the operative cause there are many distinctions, outside of the operative cause it further establishes the five [causes] of cooperation etc. Whatever is not subsumed by the remaining five [causes] all enters into and is subsumed under the first operative cause. Hence outside the five causes, there is separately the operative cause. This is [the operative cause's] own-nature (*svabhāva*), which extends through the substance of all six causes. Its operative function (*néngzuò* 能作) also extends through the latter five [causes]. "[Because of] distinction (*viśeṣa*, 差別)
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etc.": This explains the second phrase ["because of distinction"]. Precisely because [the] operative [function] broadly extends, it pervades all causes. Within the operative [cause] there are superior forces of cooperation etc.; when the name and substance are mutually manifested, the five causes should be established. What is subsumed by the remaining five [causes] all returns to the operative [cause]. Hence within the operative [cause] there are still many dharmas, so [the text] says "distinction" (*chābié* 差別). That is: within the operative cause there are twenty kinds of distinctions. As the treatise explains in detail — [this] is complex, so I will stop here for now.
From "If one relies on causes-and-conditions (*hetu-pratyaya*)" to "because [they] are not causes-and-conditions": "[The *Mahāyānasaṃgraha* (摂大乗論) and the *Vijñaptimātratāsiddhi* (唯識論) etc. explain [the situation of] seeds in relation to currently-manifest [dharmas], etc.]": Upon examining the original texts of the two treatises, there is in fact no passage [stating that] seeds, in relation to currently-manifest [dharmas], serve as [causes of the type of] operative cause (*néngzuò yīn*), simultaneous cause (*jùyǒu yīn*), concomitant cause (*xiāngyìng yīn*), universally-operative cause (*biànxíng yīn*), etc. Here [the commentary] takes the intent [of those texts] and points to [them]. Hence it says "explain."
The *Shèlùn* (*Mahāyānasaṃgraha*) fascicle two [*Note:* cf. the original treatise, upper [fascicle], folio 8 recto] and the *Wéishí* (*Vijñaptimātratāsiddhi-śāstra*) fascicle two [*Note:* cf. [fascicle] ten, folio 7 verso] both say: "The ālayavijñāna (*ālayavijñāna*, 阿頼耶識) and defiled-mixed dharmas (*saṃkliṣṭa-dharma*, 雑染法) mutually serve as causes-and-conditions for one another — like a wick (*炷*) and a flame (*焰*) that successively produce and burn each other, or like bundles of reeds (*arundines*) that mutually depend upon one another to stand. Only in dependence upon these two is the [relationship of] cause-and-condition established. The remaining [so-called] causes-and-conditions cannot be obtained [from a Mahāyāna perspective]." And further: Wúxìng (*Asvabhāva*, 無性) [*Note:* cf. fascicle two, folio 10 recto] in his commentary says: "If one were to call the five causes [each a form of] 'cause-and-condition' (*hetu-pratyaya*), that would be explaining the ālayavijñāna in a different mode of expression (*yìmén* 異門). The three causes — same-type (*tónglèi*), universally-operative (*biànxíng*), and maturation (*yìshú*) — because [their operation is] not congruent (*asaṃprayukta*) if one separates [them] from the causal nature of the ālayavijñāna which maintains (*dhāraṇa*) the karmic impressions (*vāsanā*, 熏習) — [these cannot be genuinely independent causes-and-conditions]. And further: the two causes of concomitance (*xiāngyìng*) and simultaneity (*jùyǒu*) — [these are explained] as that treatise elaborates in detail."
[The commentary] explains: "Mutually serve as causes-and-conditions": To speak broadly — From ancient times it has been transmitted [in the tradition] that the meaning of mutually serving as causes has five different interpretations. However, speaking of the correct interpretation (*zhèngyì* 正義): Old [pre-existing] seeds giving rise to currently-manifest [dharmas] is simultaneity (*jùyǒu*) and constitutes the simultaneous cause (*jùyǒu yīn*). Currently-manifest [dharmas], in relation to old seeds, are simultaneous but not [the] cause. That is: this currently-manifest [dharma] newly imprinting (*vāsanā*, 熏習) and forming seeds — this is simultaneity and constitutes the simultaneous cause. New seeds, in relation to currently-manifest [dharmas], are simultaneous but not [the] cause. Although seeds have the difference of new and old, if [one] restricts [consideration] to a single instant (*kṣaṇa*, 刹那),