英語訳
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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror — Great Elements and Derived Forms Chapter
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(Continued from previous page) ...restricted to a single instant (*kṣaṇa*), [they] exist at one and the same time, with a single consciousness as [their] substance. For this reason, they can be called "mutually serving as cause and effect for each other." This clarifies that seeds and the ālayavijñāna (*ālayavijñāna*, 阿頼耶識), when regarded in relation to other currently-manifest dharmas (*xiànxíng* 現行), serve as simultaneous causes (*jùyǒu yīn* 倶有因).
The intent of the author of this chapter (*zhāngjiā* 章家) is as follows: When seeds are regarded in relation to currently-manifest [dharmas], they are not merely simultaneous causes (*jùyǒu yīn*), but also serve as operative causes (*néngzuò yīn* 能作因), simultaneous causes (*jùyǒu yīn*), concomitant causes (*xiāngyìng yīn* 相応因), and universally-operative causes (*biànxíng yīn* 遍行因). That is: a seed-cause has the function of operatively producing its fruit, and hence is called the "operative cause." Because this cause broadly extends [to various relationships], it also serves as a cause for dharmas that are its simultaneous fruits, and hence is called the "simultaneous cause." Because mind-factors (*caitasika*, 心所) accord with one another and together take the same cognitive object (*ālambana*, 所縁), [this relationship] is called "concomitance" (*xiāngyìng* 相応). Because seeds of the mind within a consciousness give rise to concomitant [dharmas], [this] is called the "concomitant cause" (*xiāngyìng yīn*).
As for the "universally-operative cause" (*biànxíng yīn*): "Universal" (*biàn* 遍) has the meaning of "pervading" (*pǔ* 普); "operative" (*xíng* 行) is the name of the cause [itself]. The cause is capable of operating in relation to the fruit. Alternatively, "operative" (*xíng*) also has the meaning of "conditioning" (*yuán* 縁). [The cause] universally conditions (*biàn yuán* 遍縁) defiled dharmas (*kleśa-dharma*, 染法) — just as, for example, the seed of greed (*rāga*, 貪) is capable of increasing the seeds of the affliction of hatred (*dveṣa*, 瞋) and other afflictions (*anuśaya*, 使), causing them to increase and grow. The seeds of the remaining afflictions are similarly of the same kind. However, it is not merely the case that seeds of defilements (*kleśa*) increase other seeds — seeds are also capable of increasing currently-manifest [dharmas]. Therefore, when seeds are regarded in relation to currently-manifest [dharmas], [seeds] fully possess four causes.
When seeds are regarded in relation to currently-manifest dharmas, their natures (*svabhāva*, 性) are each separately different. And since they are simultaneous, there is no same-type cause (*tónglèi yīn* 同類因) [between them].
To speak broadly (*kuò yún* 廓云): The mutual production of currently-manifest [dharmas] and seeds, and [the case of] currently-manifest [dharmas] and seeds of the preceding moment regarded in relation to [those of] the subsequent moment — extending to both proximate and distantly-related [relationships] — those that arise simultaneously (*jùshēng* 倶生) and are of the same type are all same-type causes. Among the ten causes in the *Yogācārabhūmi* (*Yújiā shīdì lùn*, 瑜伽師地論), the meaning of the "arising cause" (*shēngqǐ yīn* 生起因) extends to both proximate and distantly-related [relationships]; the general meaning [of the relationship, whether] simultaneous or sequential, is [equivalent to] the meaning of the same-type cause (*tónglèi yīn*). Furthermore [the Yogācārabhūmi] says: "The arising cause: that which has an outflowing fruit (*niṣyanda-phala*, 等流果) is called 'a dharma that has a fruit' (*yǒuguǒ fǎ* 有果法)." This passage is cited as evidence that both simultaneous and sequential [relationships] are equally [instances of] the same-type cause.
Question: When currently-manifest [dharmas] and seeds mutually produce each other, their natures are already separately different — how can they be of the "same type"?
Answer: Seeds that distinguish [their] functional capacities (*gōngnéng chābié zhǒng* 功能差別種) extend through all three moral natures (*trisvabhāva*, 三性: wholesome, unwholesome, and indeterminate); these are also same-type [causes].
Question: When currently-manifest [dharmas] and seeds are simultaneous (*jùshí* 倶時), how do the two causes — the simultaneous cause (*jùyǒu yīn*) and the same-type cause (*tónglèi yīn*) — differ?
Answer: Their substance (*tǐ* 体) is the same; [but their] functions (*yòng* 用)
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have distinctions. Just as [in the case of] the concomitant (*xiāngyìng* 相応) and simultaneous (*jùyǒu* 倶有) [causes between] mind (*citta*, 心) and mind-factors (*caitasika*, 心所), so too is it the case here.
"Seeds regarded in relation to seeds, etc.": The sequential mutual production of seeds of the same type constitutes the same-type [cause]. However, there is no maturation cause (*yìshú yīn* 異熟因) [between seeds themselves]. Even if all [such seeds] serve as causes for bringing about indeterminate (*avyākṛta*, 無記) maturation fruits, because [the relationship] is not [of the nature of] a direct cause-and-condition (*hetu-pratyaya*, 因縁), [it cannot be the maturation cause].
From "Great elements (*mahābhūta*, 大種) regarded in relation to derived forms (*upādāya-rūpa*, 造色)" to "because [they] induce those fruits":
"Great elements regarded in relation to derived forms are all [cases] not [subsumed under] the six causes": Great elements and derived forms are both currently-manifest dharmas (*xiànxíng fǎ* 現行法). Currently-manifest [dharmas] mutually depending upon currently-manifest [dharmas] are all not [cases of] direct cause-and-condition. Therefore, from the perspective of direct causes-and-conditions and the six causes, great elements regarded in relation to derived forms are all not direct causes-and-conditions.
"Derived forms regarded in relation to great elements serve as maturation causes (*yìshú yīn*)": Take, for example, the wholesome, unwholesome, and indeterminate non-manifested action (*avijñapti-karma*, 無表業) that is produced — this is capable of inducing that indeterminate great-element fruit. Hence derived forms, regarded in relation to great elements, serve as maturation causes. Although [these are] currently-manifest [dharmas], because they proximately and mutually depend [upon each other] in inducing [their fruits], they are provisionally called "direct cause-and-condition" (*hetu-pratyaya*, 因縁). Therefore, in the context of elucidating the six causes from the perspective of direct cause-and-condition, derived forms regarded in relation to currently-manifest great elements serve as maturation causes.
This maturation cause (*yìshú yīn*) extends to inducing both future and present, genuine and provisional (*zhēn jiǎ* 真仮) maturation [fruits]. However, the fourth fascicle of the *Duìfǎ lùn* (*Abhidharmasamuccaya*, 対法論) says: "Drawing in and subsuming what is to come (*āgāmi*, 当来), being in no way similar (*asadṛśa*, 不相似), subsumed within the [own] substance of the non-obscured-indeterminate (*anivṛtāvyākṛta*, 無覆無記) — the maturation fruit (*vipākaphala*, 異熟果)": this is said with particular reference to the distinguished fruition body (*vipāka-kāya*). Hence it draws upon the genuine, separate fruition (*prātiniḥsṛta*, 別報) of the future. The cause is also subsumed under this cause [category]. For details, see what is explained in the [commentarial] extracts (*chāo* 抄) on the *Duìfǎ lùn* by [Kuiji,] Master Ji (*Jī* 基) and [Dowon,] Master Fan (*Fàn* 範) [*Note:* cf. Ji's *Duìfǎ* extract, fascicle two, folio 10 recto and following].
From "Now relying on the dominant condition (*adhipati-pratyaya*, 増上縁)" to "not [the case of] seeds regarded in relation to seeds":
"First, the operative cause (*néngzuò yīn*), etc.": The *Yogācārabhūmi* [*Note:* cf. fascicle sixty (folio sixty-one recto)] and the *Madhyānta-vibhāga* (*Zhōngbiān fēnbié lùn*, 中辺分別論) [*Note:* cf. upper fascicle, folio twelve recto] speak of "ten operative functions" (*néngzuò* 能作), which do not exceed the "twenty productive functions" (*néng zào* 能造) [discussed] in the *Duìfǎ lùn* [*Note:* cf. fascicle forty, folio five verso]. Because this cause broadly extends, it pervades all causes. Because the substance of a cause has the function of operatively producing its fruit, the name "operative cause" is established upon the substance of the cause. For the seeds and currently-manifest [dharmas] of derived forms (*upādāya-rūpa*, 造色), [the great elements] provide force (*lì* 力) among them without mutual obstruction. This is [to say that] great elements, with respect to
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those derived forms, have an operative function (*néngzuò yòng* 能作用) and serve as causes for them.
"Second, the same-type cause (*tónglèi yīn*), etc.": The *Duìfǎ lùn* [*Note:* cf. fascicle four, folio seventeen recto] says: "The augmenting cause (*zēngyì yīn* 増益因): by means of the previously [arisen] currently-manifest dharmas of the three moral natures, it nourishes and cultivates the seeds of the three moral natures in the mind, causing them to increase and excel — hence it is called 'augmenting'." Augmentation (*zēngyì* 増益) [may be understood as] the fruit [side of this relationship]. Alternatively, it is possible [to understand] that by virtue of the cause having augmenting power, it produces a more excellent fruit — in which case augmentation belongs to the cause [side]. That is: dharmas of the preceding moment serve as causes for the subsequent moment, causing dharmas of the same nature and similar [type] to grow and increase — hence [this cause] is also called the same-type cause (*tónglèi yīn*).
What is here stated as "causing increase, therefore" explains the meaning of "augmenting" (*zēngyì*). "In the text of the *Duìfǎ lùn*" etc. — this is [a matter of] explaining that treatise, [and represents] a different meaning (*yì yì* 異義) [from] what this chapter intends. In general, the same-type cause has three categories: (1) mutual production of seeds and currently-manifest [dharmas]; (2) mutual production of seeds and seeds; (3) mutual production of currently-manifest [dharmas] and currently-manifest [dharmas]. The *Duìfǎ lùn* explains the same-type cause with reference to seeds producing currently-manifest [dharmas]. Hence it says "drawing forth the arising of subsequent fruit." "Subsequent fruit" (*hòuguǒ* 後果) refers to the fruit of currently-manifest [dharmas]. It does not mean that subsequent-moment seeds, regarded in relation to preceding-moment seeds, are called the fruit. Therefore, the commentary (*shū* 疏) of Master Fan [Dharma Master Fan Zhiming (*Fàn Zhìmíng* 範智明)] explains the passage on "subsequent-subsequent arising" (*hòuhòu shēngqǐ* 後後生起) as follows: "In relation to the future, what is manifested below [in the text] is the arising and manifestation of the subsequently-arising currently-manifest [dharmas] etc. that are produced from seeds." Hence it is known that "drawing forth the arising of subsequent fruit" refers to the fruit of currently-manifest [dharmas]. In this chapter too, when [it says that] great elements (*mahābhūta*, 大種), regarded in relation to derived forms (*upādāya-rūpa*, 造色), have the same-type cause (*tónglèi yīn*), this is also explained relying on currently-manifest [dharmas] regarded in relation to [other] currently-manifest [dharmas] — not [the case of] seeds regarded in relation to seeds.
From "Third, the simultaneous cause (*jùyǒu yīn*)" to "because [it is] not the meaning of [sharing] one fruit":
"Third, the simultaneous cause": The *Duìfǎ lùn* says: "The cooperative-companion cause (*zhùbàn yīn* 助伴因) is [so named because] dharmas mutually assist one another [so as to] have power and [thus] definitely co-arise (*jùzhuǎn* 倶転) — this is called the cooperative-companion [cause]." The *Duìfǎ lùn* reveals [its] function (*yòng* 用), hence [it] calls [it] "cooperative-companion" (*zhùbàn* 助伴). "Great elements and derived forms necessarily arise simultaneously, hence [they] serve as simultaneous causes": Although this cause extends to form (*rūpa*, 色), mind (*citta*, 心), and mind-factors (*caitasika*, 心所) etc., here [the text] briefly explains [it] relying on the relationship between productive great elements (*néng zào* 能造) and produced derived forms (*suǒ zào* 所造). Within each [respective] grouping (*pūja*, 聚), a given productive great element or a given produced derived form also necessarily co-arises (*jùzhuǎn* 倶転). They mutually assist one another and cannot
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be separated from one another. Furthermore, this passage [only] concerns the [four great elements as productive elements] mutually serving as cooperative-companions for each other. In truth, great elements regarded in relation to [other] great elements, and derived forms regarded in relation to [other] derived forms, co-arising definitively — these are also called cooperative-companions. Just as [the case of] perception (*saṃjñā*, 想) and sensation (*vedanā*, 受) regarded in relation to each other: although [they are] the same [kind of] mind-factor, they are also called cooperative-companions. Material dharmas (*rūpa-dharma*, 色法) are equally so. This [passage], then, explains the simultaneous cause (*jùyǒu yīn*) from the perspective of the meaning of "mutually being each other's fruit" — not from the meaning of "together obtaining one [and the same] fruit."
In the Hīnayāna (*Śrāvakayāna*, 小乗) school, the evaluative master (*pínjiā* 評家) of the *Mahāvibhāṣā* (*Dapiboluó lùn*, 婆娑) [*Note:* cf. fascicle sixteen, folio eighteen verso] says: "Whether or not the substance of the four great elements has predominance (*adhimātra*, 偏増) [of one element], earth (*pṛthivī*, 地) serves as the simultaneous cause for the [remaining] three [elements], and the three serve as the simultaneous cause for earth. Why is this? Earth does not observe earth giving rise to derived forms. Because all dharmas, without [consciously] recognizing their own nature (*svabhāva*, 自性) and same-type substance, serve as causes for others." And so too with the great element of wind (*vāyu*, 風大).
If one follows the evaluative master of *Mahāvibhāṣā* fascicle sixteen, [it is said that] "the meaning of [sharing] one and the same fruit is the meaning of the simultaneous cause." Furthermore, the *Nyāyānusāra* (*Zhènglǐ lùn*, 正理論) fascicle fifteen [folio six] says: "Among conditioned dharmas, [when] one dharma can be the fruit [for another], it can serve as a simultaneous cause." The meaning of the two treatises is the same.
The intent of the *Nyāyānusāra* (*Zhènglǐ lùn*) is that "mutually being each other's fruit" [constitutes] the simultaneous cause — but this has a fault. Hence it further explains: "Among conditioned dharmas, those that in sequence have power and together obtain one fruit are called simultaneous causes (*jùyǒu yīn*)."
If one follows the *Abhidharmāvatāra-śāstra* (*Rù Āpídámó lùn*, 入阿毘達磨論) [*Note:* cf. lower fascicle, folio thirteen recto]: "Conditioned dharmas mutually being each other's fruits, or together [obtaining] one fruit, are called simultaneous causes." Master Guāng [Pūguāng 普光] of the *Abhidharmakośa* [commentary] [*Note:* cf. fascicle two, folio five recto] says: "That treatise was composed later; the statement 'mutually being each other's fruit' follows [the teaching of] our master Vasubandhu (*Vasubandhu*, 世親) Ācārya."
Now [in this commentary], [the author] selects and excludes the Hīnayāna meaning of "together obtaining one fruit" and reveals the meaning of "mutually being each other's fruit." Hence [it] says: "because [it is] not the meaning of together obtaining one fruit."
From "Not [being] mind or mind-factors" to "there is no universally-operative cause (*biànxíng yīn*)": This selects and excludes the remaining causes.
"There is no concomitant cause (*xiāngyìng yīn*)": The *Duìfǎ lùn* [*Note:* cf. fascicle four, folio sixteen verso] says: "The co-extension cause (*děngxíng yīn* 等行因) is so named because mind and mind-factors equally (*samatā*, 斉等) [and simultaneously] operate (*cari*, 行) upon the preceding object (*ālambana*, 境) — hence [it is] named..."