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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror — Great Elements and Derived Forms Chapter
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(Continued from previous page) ...regarding derived forms (*upādāya-rūpa*, 所造色), and non-manifested forms (*avijñapti-rūpa*, 無表色) that follow the mind (*suicittas*, 随心転): in accordance with whatever world [these forms are located in], great elements of that [same] world produce them. That is: past [great elements] produce past [forms], present [great elements] produce present [forms], future [great elements] produce future [forms]. But when non-manifested forms (*avijñapti-rūpa*) are produced, this is not the case. (End of passage from the treatise.) [For a fuller account, see] the broad explanation in that treatise.
Now, in the Mahāyāna: if [we are speaking of] same-world derivation (*tóngshì zào* 同世造), [we] restrict [the discussion] exclusively to the present world. If [we are speaking of] different-world derivation (*yìshì zào* 異世造): past [great elements] produce present [forms], and present [great elements] produce future [forms]. [The Mahāyāna] explains different-world derivation relying exclusively on this scope [of cases]. Here [the commentary] distinguishes [the Mahāyāna position] from the Hīnayāna and makes manifest the Mahāyāna interpretation. Hence [the text] says: "One should simply accord with what is explained herein."
"Past [great elements] serve as a cause for present [forms], etc.": This directly reveals the Mahāyāna meaning of different-world derivation. In the Hīnayāna school, past [great elements] serve as a cause for all three times [of forms]. Yet [the point that] "past [great elements] serve as a cause for present [forms]" is the same in meaning as the Mahāyāna. Here [the commentary] selects and removes [the Hīnayāna claim that] past [great elements] serve as a cause for past and future [forms]. Hence it says: "Past [great elements] are not a cause for past and future [forms]."
This can be confirmed as follows. The *Mahāvibhāṣā* [(*Pípóshā lùn*, 毘婆沙論), fascicle one hundred thirty-two, folio four recto] says: "Can it be that past great elements produce past forms? Answer: Yes. All past *sapratigha* (*yǒuduì*, 有対, resistant) derived forms, etc., are produced exclusively by past great elements. Can it be that past great elements produce future forms? Answer: Yes. Future non-manifested forms (*avijñapti*) are produced exclusively by past great elements." (End of passage from the treatise.)
"Future [great elements] are not a cause for future [forms], etc.": The Hīnayāna says that future [great elements] serve as a cause for future [forms]. Here [the commentary] selects and removes that [claim]. Hence it says: "Future [great elements] are not a cause for future [forms]." Hence the *Mahāvibhāṣā* (*Pōsà*, 婆娑) says: "Can it be that future great elements produce future forms? Answer: Yes. All future *sapratigha* derived forms, etc., are produced exclusively by future great elements." (End of passage from the treatise.)
*Question*: Since past and future [great elements] do not exist [in the Mahāyāna], how can past [great elements] serve as a cause for present [forms], and present [great elements] serve as a cause for future [forms]? How can future [forms], which have no [substantial] body, wait upon a cause in order to arise?
*Answer*: [This is] explained in terms of what has existed [in the past] and what will exist [in the future] (*céng dāng yǒu* 曾当有), speaking of a remote [and anticipatory] act of production (*xuán zào* 懸造). Hence there is no difficulty.
From "What is not explained herein" to "because of the analogous [principle of] cause and effect":
"[The text] does not explain that past [great elements] serve as a cause for future [forms], etc.": If one follows the Hīnayāna,
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[the discussion] would also include [the notion that] past [great elements] serve as a cause for future [forms]. Hence the *Mahāvibhāṣā* (*Pōsà*, 婆沙) says: "Can it be that past great elements produce future forms? Answer: Yes. There are non-manifested forms (*avijñapti*) arising from future manifested actions (*vijñapti*, 表), [and these] are produced exclusively by past great elements." (End of passage from the treatise.) Here [the commentary] selects and removes that Hīnayāna position. Hence it says: "[The text] does not explain that past [great elements] serve as a cause for future [forms]."
"Nor does the later [time]-limit serve as a cause for the earlier [time]-limit, etc.": The *Mahāvibhāṣā* says: "Can it be that future great elements produce past or present forms? Answer: No — because there is no principle by which the fruit comes first and the cause comes after. And: Can it be that present great elements produce past forms? Answer: No — because there is no principle by which the fruit comes first and the cause comes after." (End of passage from the treatise.) Inverting cause and effect is what both the Mahāyāna and Hīnayāna reject. Nevertheless, in the Mahāyāna, even though cause and effect may be simultaneous (*tóngshí* 同時), at the time when the fruit has not yet arisen, the cause comes first and the fruit comes after. These principles are shared in common by both the Mahāyāna and the Hīnayāna. Hence [the text] says: "The later [time]-limit does not serve as a cause for the earlier [time]-limit, etc."
In [the discussion of] the cause-and-derivation section above, Venerable Fàn (*Fàn fǎshī* 範法師) explains the mutual subsumption of all causes (*zhūyīn xiāng shè mén* 諸因相攝門), using the seven categories of causes including the arising cause (*shēng yīn* 生因) and the manifestation cause (*liǎo yīn* 了因), etc. [To present this in full] would risk being overly cumbersome, so [the commentary] stops here for now. For a fuller account, see that master's *Duìfǎ shū* (*Abhidharma Commentary*, 対法疏), fascicle one.
From "Having finished examining the cause-and-derivation" to "there are no remaining two conditions [*pratyaya*]":
"Great elements and derived forms, regarded in relation to each other, constitute a single dominant condition (*adhipati-pratyaya*, 増上縁)": [When] great elements are regarded in relation to derived forms, and derived forms are regarded in relation to great elements, among the four conditions (*catvāraḥ pratyayāḥ*, 四縁), they constitute only a single dominant condition (*adhipati-pratyaya*). Why is there no direct cause-and-condition (*hetu-pratyaya*, 因縁)? The productive [great elements] and the produced [derived forms] are both currently-manifest dharmas (*xiànxíng fǎ* 現行法). Only when each [respectively] produces [its own fruit] from its own seed within the foundational consciousness (*mūla-vijñāna*, 本識, i.e., ālayavijñāna) does the direct cause-and-condition (*hetu-pratyaya*) obtain — [this] being what immediately (*qīn* 親) distinguishes [a dharma's] substance and precisely produces its fruit. [When] currently-manifest [dharmas] are regarded in relation to [other] currently-manifest [dharmas], since [this is] not a case of distinguishing substance, it is not a direct cause-and-condition.
However, regarding this [question of] great elements and derived forms being mutually regarded as conditions, the *Mahāvibhāṣā* has two explanations. Hence that treatise, fascicle one hundred thirty-one [folio nine recto], says: "In how many [kinds of] condition do great elements serve for derived forms? Answer: As a cause-condition (*hetu-pratyaya*) and as a dominant condition (*adhipati-pratyaya*). 'Cause-condition' means the five causes [beginning with] the arising [cause] (*shēng děng wǔ yīn* 生等五因). 'Dominant condition' means not obstructing arising, etc. One [view] says: great elements and the derived [quality of] tangibility (*spraṣṭavya*, 触) serve as the same-type cause (*tónglèi yīn* 同類因). And: In how many [kinds of] condition do derived forms serve for great elements? Answer: As a cause-condition and a dominant condition. 'Cause-condition' means one maturation cause (*vipāka-hetu*, 異熟因). 'Dominant condition' means not obstructing arising, etc. One [view] says: derived tangibility and [other] great elements serve as the same-type cause. [Then] that treatise refutes the second master, saying: This is not consonant with reason — because derived tangibility and great elements are not the same type." (End of passage from the treatise.)
Now the Mahāyāna interpretation agrees with the first master's meaning. Hence [the text] says: "Great elements and derived forms, regarded in relation to each other, constitute a single dominant condition." Because the five causes beginning with the arising cause [serve as] dominant conditions, the immediately-preceding condition (*anantara-pratyaya*, 等無間縁) and the object-as-condition (*ālambana-pratyaya*, 所縁縁) exist only for the mind (*citta*, 心), etc. Because great elements and derived forms are not mind, etc., there are no remaining two [conditions].
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From "This cause-and-condition derivation" to "all should be thought about according to principle":
"This cause-and-condition derivation": "Cause" (*yīn* 因) refers to the ten causes and the six causes. "Condition" (*yuán* 縁) refers to the four conditions [beginning with] the direct cause-and-condition, etc. The cause-and-derivation and condition-and-derivation explained above are explained according to the general characteristic (*tóng xiāng* 總相). The remaining gates of individual characteristics (*bié xiāng* 別相) have been presented in abbreviated form, as [full detail] would be cumbersome.
"According to [the categories of] defiled and pure [outflows], and the twelve sense-fields (*āyatana*, 十二処), etc.": This [passage] indicates what has been abbreviated. Briefly, four gates are marked out and the number of causes and conditions is distinguished.
*First*, the gate of defiled outflows (*sāsrava*, 有漏) and pure [outflows without defilement] (*anāsrava*, 無漏). Both great elements and derived forms extend through defiled and pure [categories].
*Second*, the gate of the three categories of dharmas (*traividhya*, 三科). Great elements and derived forms, although they extend through the three categories [i.e., the five aggregates, twelve sense-fields, and eighteen elements], are most prominently manifested in their function within the twelve sense-fields. Hence [the discussion] focuses exclusively on [the twelve sense-fields]. Among the twelve sense-fields, great elements exist only in the tangible-field (*spraṣṭavya-āyatana*, 触処) and the mental-object-field (*dharma-āyatana*, 法処). Derived forms are present throughout eleven sense-fields — only the mental faculty-field (*manas-āyatana*, 意処) is excluded.
*Third*, the gate of the three moral natures (*trisvabhāva*, 三性). Pure great elements and derived forms are all exclusively wholesome (*kuśala*, 善). Defiled great elements are exclusively of indeterminate nature (*avyākṛta*, 無記). Derived forms: in their real (*shí* 実) [nature] are exclusively of the indeterminate nature; in their provisional (*jiǎ* 假) [nature] they extend through all three moral natures.
*Fourth*, the gate of the three realms (*tridhātu*, 三界). Great elements and derived forms exist only in the realm of desire (*kāma-dhātu*, 欲界) and the realm of form (*rūpa-dhātu*, 色界), not in the formless realm (*ārūpya-dhātu*, 無色界). Explained according to the nine grounds (*navabhūmi*, 九地), [great elements and derived forms] are bound to five grounds — namely the realm of desire and the four meditative absorptions (*dhyāna*, 四静慮). Hence it is only when one separates from the defilement of the fourth meditative absorption (*caturthadhyāna*, 第四靜慮) that one ultimately severs [great elements and derived forms completely]. As the *Mahāvibhāṣā*
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fascicle one hundred twenty-nine [folio four recto] explains.
Regarding the statement "mutually leaning upon and regarding each other, etc.": Among the twelve sense-fields, if one discusses the productive great elements in accordance with the produced [derived] forms, there are altogether eleven [sense-fields] — namely, the great elements upon which the eye-field (*cakṣur-āyatana*, 眼処) depends, through to the mental-object-field, excluding only the mental faculty-field, since [the mental faculty] is not a derived form.
The great elements of the eye-field, regarded in relation to the great elements of the eye-field, constitute two causes and one condition. The "two causes" are: the simultaneous cause (*sahabhū-hetu*, 倶有因) and the same-type cause (*sabhāga-hetu*, 同類因). Co-arising [elements] mutually regarding each other constitute the simultaneous cause. Prior-arising [elements] serving in relation to subsequent-arising [elements] constitute the same-type cause. The "one condition" is: the dominant condition (*adhipati-pratyaya*, 増上縁) — namely, not obstructing arising, and having nothing but non-obstruction. If the great elements of the eye-field regard the great elements of other fields, [they constitute] only a single dominant condition — as explained above, one should know. ... Through to: the great elements of the mental-object-field, regarded in relation to the great elements of the mental-object-field, constitute cause[-condition] and dominant condition. Regarded in relation to other great elements, [they constitute] only a single dominant condition — as explained above, one should know.
Just as the great elements of the eye-field regard the great elements of the eye-field — and similarly the great elements of the ear-field, etc., distinguish the number of causes and conditions in this manner — so too when the great elements of other fields regard the great elements of other fields, all are likewise [the same]. This is [the discussion of] distinguishing cause-and-condition with great elements regarding great elements.
Derived forms regarded in relation to derived forms constitute three causes and one condition. The "three causes" are: the simultaneous cause (*sahabhū-hetu*), the same-type cause (*sabhāga-hetu*), and the maturation cause (*vipāka-hetu*, 異熟因). The "one condition" is: the dominant condition (*adhipati-pratyaya*).
Among the twelve sense-fields, explaining [these relationships] mutually regarded: think about it according to principle as before. Just as [the relationships] are explained with the twelve sense-fields mutually regarding each other, so the three moral natures and the three realms mutually regarding each other should be known by analogy. These doctrinal gates are explained in extreme detail and breadth in the *Mahāvibhāṣā* fascicle one hundred thirty-one [folio eight recto onward]. Fearing that [to reproduce] the text [here] would be too cumbersome and extensive, [the commentary] has shown only one corner [of the topic]. However, in the Mahāyāna [texts], the relevant passages have not yet been seen [by this author]. Nevertheless, by principle (*lǐ* 理) this must indeed be so. Hence [the text] says: "All should be thought about according to principle."
From "Same and different great elements and derived forms" to "this is a later time":
"Explanations in the *Yogācārabhūmi* (*Yujiā lùn*, 瑜伽論) fascicles three and fifty-four, etc.": Examining the text from "There are three [kinds of] categorical difference" (*lèi yì yǒu sān* 類異有三) and below — beginning from "There are three [kinds of] categorical difference" and ending at "not distinguishing......"