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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror — Great Elements and Derived Forms Chapter
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(Continued from the previous page) ...in [the concept of] substance. Hence, in these various texts, passages from the treatise (*lùn wén* 論文) and passages from the chapter (*zhāng wén* 章文) are intermixed to form the text [as we have it]. [The chapter] relies heavily on the text of [the *Yogācārabhūmi*,] fascicle fifty-four to explain the categorical differences (*lèi yì* 類異). However, in fascicle three of the *Yogācārabhūmi* [folio four recto], *long-nourishment* (*cháng yǎng* 長養) is listed first and *ripening-result* (*yì shú* 異熟) is listed afterward; while in fascicle fifty-four, *equal-flow* (*děng liú* 等流) is listed first and *long-nourishment* is listed afterward. In the present chapter, *ripening-result* is listed first and *equal-flow* is listed last. This arrangement is for the sake of embellishing the text and giving rise to understanding in the reader, and need not be regarded as strange.
"First, the ripening-result category (*yì shú lèi* 異熟類), etc.": The *Yogācārabhūmi*, fascicle fifty-four [folio sixteen verso], says: "Through how many kinds of 'streams' (*liú* 流) does the subsequent aggregate of form (*rūpa-skandha*, 色蘊) continue and revolve? That is to say, through three kinds. First, the equal-flow stream (*děng liú liú* 等流流). Second, the ripening-result-born stream (*yì shú shēng liú* 異熟生流). Third, the long-nourishment stream (*cháng yǎng liú* 長養流)." (End of passage from the treatise.)
In the present chapter, *ripening-result* is listed first. If one follows the Hīnayāna (*Śrāvakayāna*), there are three explanations regarding categorical differences (*lèi yì* 類異):
One [view] says: there are altogether four categories, namely: ripening-result-born (*yì shú shēng* 異熟生), long-nourishment (*cháng yǎng* 長養), equal-flow (*děng liú* 等流), and transformation (*biàn huà* 変化).
One [view] says: there are only three categories, namely: ripening-result-born, long-nourishment, and equal-flow; the transformation [category] is subsumed under long-nourishment.
One [view] says: there are only two categories, namely: ripening-result-born and long-nourishment; the great elements of transformation enter into the long-nourishment [category], and equal-flow is subsumed into both ripening-result and long-nourishment.
[The commentator] evaluates, saying: Among the preceding three explanations, the first explanation is the best. [Annotation: "first" is absent in one edition.] This is because there are great elements of four kinds that are not subsumed under [either of] the two [categories]. As the *Mahāvibhāṣā*, fascicle one hundred twenty-seven [folio seven verso], explains. The opinion of the evaluating commentator in the *Vibhāṣā* (*Pōsà* 婆沙) agrees with the Mahāyāna.
Regarding what is called the "ripening-result category" (*yì shú lèi* 異熟類): both provisional (*jiǎ* 假) and real (*shí* 実) ripening-results are collectively called the "ripening-result category." The real (*shí*) ripening-result is the ālayavijñāna (storehouse consciousness, 阿頼耶識). From the very first moment [of arising] onward, up to the moment of death, its substance is entirely [a case of] ripening-result, and it may also be called "ripening-result-born" (*yì shú shēng* 異熟生) — because it arises from the ripening-result of the preceding moment.
Master Jǐng (景法師) says: The ripening-result-born form (*yì shú shēng sè* 異熟生色) of the faculties (*indriya*, 根) and objects (*viṣaya*, 塵) that arise [in the very first moment] produced by [past] karma is the same type (*lèi* 類) as the ripening-result-born [form] of the faculties and objects of the previous body [i.e., past life]. Hence it is called a "stream" (*liú* 流).
"One karma gives rise to the very first arising, etc.": The time when the very first single moment [produced by one act of karma] arises is called the "ripening-result stream" (*yì shú liú* 異熟流).
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From the second moment onward, [it constitutes] the continuously succeeding ripening-result stream.
The *Yogācārabhūmi* (*Běndì fēn* 本地分), fascicle three [folio four verso], says: "Ripening-result-born (*yì shú shēng* 異熟生) has two [senses]. First, [something that is] itself the substance of ripening-result (*yì shú tǐ* 異熟体) arising — [this corresponds to] the meaning of 'the very first [moment].' Second, [something] that arises from ripening-result [in subsequent moments] is called 'ripening-result-born' — [this corresponds to] the meaning of continuation (*xiāng xù* 相続) as discussed herein." (End of passage.) By means of this passage, it is confirmed that the eighth consciousness (*aṣṭama-vijñāna*, 第八識), i.e., the ālayavijñāna, is also called "ripening-result" (*yì shú* 異熟), and is also called "ripening-result-born" (*yì shú shēng* 異熟生).
However, the *Abhidharmasamuccaya* (*Duì fǎ lùn* 対法論) [Annotation: fascicle five, folio ten recto] discusses ripening-result (*yì shú*) by placing provisional (*jiǎ*) and real (*shí*) in contrast with each other. Therefore, the eighth [consciousness] is exclusively a real ripening-result, while the other consciousnesses, etc., are called "ripening-result-born." Hence [the two accounts] do not contradict each other.
"The first is the total ripening-result (*zǒng yì shú* 惣異熟), etc.": What is produced by the initial karma — being the fruit of the leading karma (*yǐn yè* 引業) — constitutes the total retribution (*zǒng bào* 惣報). What continues thereafter — being the fruit of the fulfilling karma (*mǎn yè* 満業) — constitutes the individual retribution (*bié bào* 別報). This, in other words, makes clear the distinctions by reference to retribution (*bào* 報).
"Or alternatively, the first is the first moment (*chū chà nà* 初刹那), etc.": On the side of what is produced by prior karma, there is a difference between first and last. Hence [the commentator] divides [ripening-result] into two kinds. This clarifies the before-and-after in terms of the initial time [of arising]. For a fuller account, see the *Jiā Chāo* (Annotation on the *Yogācārabhūmi*) [Annotation: fascicle fourteen, folio twenty-three recto].
From "Second, the long-nourishment category (*cháng yǎng lèi* 長養類)" to "what is called the long-nourished [form]":
Regarding what is called the "long-nourishment category": By means of the long-nourishing conditions (*yuán* 縁) of food (*āhāra*, 食) and the like, the substance and characteristics (*tǐ xiāng* 体相) of form-and-mind (*sè xīn* 色心) are caused to increase and flourish (*zēng shèng* 増盛). Collectively [this process] is called "long-nourishment." The later [form] arising in dependence upon the earlier [form] is called the "long-nourishment stream" (*cháng yǎng liú* 長養流).
"First, the place [of the body] becomes wide and pervading, etc.": Master Kuījī's (*Jī shī* 基師) *Jiā Chāo* [Annotation: fascicle fourteen, folio thirty-seven recto] says: "'The place becomes wide and pervading' means that the substance [of the body] increases, becoming wide and pervading, filling the [bodily] location. 'The characteristic increases and flourishes' means that the [bodily] location remains as before [in extent], while [only] the characteristics and appearance increase and transform."
Master Fàn's *Duì fǎ Chāo* (*Abhidharma Annotation*, 範対法抄) says: "'The place becomes wide and pervading' means [processes such as] nourishing one who is thin and making [them] fat, and so forth. 'The characteristic increases and flourishes' means causing [the body] to become luminous and clean." (End of the annotation passage.)
The first [kind of] long-nourishment — "the place becomes wide and pervading" — exists only in material forms (*rūpa*, 色法). The second [kind of] long-nourishment — "the characteristic increases and flourishes" — extends to both material and mental [phenomena] (*sè xīn* 色心). The reason it is so is: because material form has spatial location (*fāng suǒ* 方所), it has the first long-nourishment. Because mind (*citta*) has no spatial location, it does not have the first long-nourishment.
Regarding the statement "eating food (*bǐ shí* 飯食), sleep (*shuì mián* 睡眠), etc.": In [fascicle] sixty-four [folio sixteen recto]—
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—there are five nourishing conditions (*yǎng yuán* 養縁). To these four [mentioned in the present chapter], the [fifth condition of] "avoiding unequal conditions" (*bì bù píng děng yuán* 避不平等縁) is added. Also, fascicle sixty-four says: "Long-nourishment has two [kinds]. First, sustaining long-nourishment (*rèn chí cháng yǎng* 任持長養). Second, non-damaging long-nourishment (*bù sǔn hài cháng yǎng* 不損害長養). The first — eating and drinking — constitutes sustaining long-nourishment. The three [remaining ones] — sleep and so forth — constitute non-damaging long-nourishment." (End of passage from the treatise.) The material forms (*rūpa*) of the faculties and objects — as dharmas — obtain long-nourishment through the four conditions of food, etc. Hence [the chapter] says: "long-nourished by eating and drinking, etc."
Regarding the statement "also because of food (*shí* 食), and because of [the body's] dependence [on certain conditions], etc.": The substance of the long-nourishment stream of the remaining mind (*citta*) and mental factors (*caitasika*, 心所) also, by means of food and drink, causes the substance and characteristics to increase and flourish. Hence [the chapter] says: "also because of food." For the remaining [conditions], [the reader] may understand by analogy.
Master Kuījī's *Jiā Chāo* says: "'Also because of food' refers to the food mentioned earlier. 'Because of [the body's] dependence [on that]' refers to sleep and pure conduct (*brahmacarya*, 梵行). 'Because of cultivating a supremely attentive mental application (*manaskāra*, 作意)' refers to meditative concentration (*dhyāna*, 定)." (End of the annotation passage.)
"Because of long ripening over a prolonged period of time": [This is] not separately assigned and listed [to a specific condition]. Master Jǐng says: "'Also because of food' means eating and drinking. 'Because of [the body's] dependence [on that]' means dependence on sleep. 'Cultivating a supremely attentive [mental application]' means dependence on pure conduct. 'Because of long ripening over a prolonged period of time' means that by thoroughly cultivating the various meditative attainments (*samāpatti*, 等至) over a long period, one can also long-nourish the mind and mental factors."
From "Third, the equal-flow category (*děng liú lèi* 等流類)" to "because they are all [cases of] the latter two":
Regarding "the equal-flow stream" (*děng liú liú* 等流流): The upper [character] "*liú*" (流) means *liú* as in a category or type (*lèi* 類). A category in which what comes before and what comes after resemble each other is called "equal-flow" (*děng liú* 等流). The next [lower character] "*liú*" (流) means *liú* in the sense of flowing-on or transmitting (*liú zhuǎn* 流転).
Master Jǐng says: Speaking in terms of what is real, the substance (*tǐ* 体) of the equal-flow stream consists simply of all wholesome and unwholesome forms (*rūpa*) and sounds (*śabda*) other than ripening-result and long-nourishment form, together with all material dharmas (*rūpa-dharma*) belonging to [the categories of] deportment (*īryāpatha*, 威儀), artistic craftsmanship (*śilpakarmasthāna*, 工巧), and transformation (*nirmāṇa*, 変化), as well as the five sense-objects (*viṣaya*, 五塵) of the receptacle [world] (*bhājana-loka*, 器世界) and the [sentient] world. These constitute the substance of the equal-flow.
"First, the equal-flow of ripening-result, etc.": If one follows the Hīnayāna, ripening-result and long-nourishment are not called "streams" (*liú* 流), because they lack [independent] substance (*tǐ* 体). Only [what is] outside these two is said to be a "stream." Now in the Mahāyāna, [the text] emphasizes (*zhòng* 重) the meaning of "flowing" (of ripening and long-nourishment), and says [about them]:
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Because ripening-result and long-nourishment also have the meaning of "streaming" insofar as they generate their own same-type [successors] — therefore, the preceding two categories [ripening-result and long-nourishment] are themselves all cases of equal-flow. The preceding ripening-result category and long-nourishment category — with the earlier [moment] being fulfilled (*chéng* 成) and the later [moment] being born (*shēng* 生), generating their own same-type [successors] — are therefore, explained in their [respective] sequence, called "ripening-result equal-flow" (*yì shú děng liú* 異熟等流). Outside the preceding two categories, there is no separate "ripening-result equal-flow" or "long-nourishment equal-flow" (*cháng yǎng děng liú* 長養等流).
Regarding what is called "transformational equal-flow" (*biàn yì děng liú* 変異等流): It is also called "change equal-flow" (*biàn yì děng liú* 変易等流). This refers to [something] altering its previous characteristics (*jiù xiāng* 舊相) — for example: blue (*qīng* 青) changing into yellow (*huáng* 黄), clear (*qīng* 清) changing into turbid (*zhuó* 濁), and so forth.
"Original-nature equal-flow" (*běn xìng děng liú* 本性等流): also called "own-nature equal-flow" (*zì xìng děng liú* 自性等流). This refers to [something] remaining in its previous state (*jiù wèi* 舊位) and [yet] continuously arising and perishing. This is the interpretation of the chapter's author.
Master Jǐng says: "The stream of transformational equal-flow" — when yellow [pigment] enters into something blue, it immediately transforms into [a new] condition. [That] condition [Annotation: the original text may read *lǜ* 緑, "green"] is the stream of the original yellow. This is called "transformational equal-flow."
"The stream of original-nature equal-flow" — the differentiated [forms arising from] ripening-result and long-nourishment are called the substance (*tǐ* 体) of the stream.
Master Fàn says: "Transformational equal-flow" refers to: the three kinds of equal-flow — the preceding ripening-result, long-nourishment, and own-nature — all undergoing changes (*biàn gǎi* 変改) of long/short, large/small, fat/thin, and so forth; this is called "transformational equal-flow." Regarding "original-nature equal-flow": this refers to the own-nature (*zì xìng* 自性) of all remaining dharmas other than ripening-result and long-nourishment; all of these are called "own-nature equal-flow."
Regarding the statement "what is not subsumed under the two kinds of ripening-result and long-nourishment is all [a case of] the latter two": [This means:] excluding the forms (*rūpa*) of the preceding ripening-result [and long-]nourishment, [what remains is] all [the] wholesome and unwholesome forms (*rūpa*) and sounds (*śabda*), the material dharmas belonging to deportment, [artistic craft]smanship, and transformation, together with the five sense-objects of the receptacle world. These various forms: when they alter (*gǎi biàn* 改変) their previous characteristics, they are called "transformational equal-flow"; when they remain in their previous state and continuously arise and perish, they are called "original-nature equal-flow." Hence [the text] says: "What is not subsumed under the preceding two is all [a case of] the latter two."
From "The five faculties (*pañcendriya*, 五根) exist only [in so many streams]" to "because [their] substance is distinct and so explained":
What follows [in the text] concerns the quantity of streams [each] dharma is subsumed under, discussed in terms of [individual] dharmas.