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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror — Great Elements and Derived Forms Chapter
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"The five faculties (*pañcendriya*, 五根) have only ripening-result and long-nourishment, etc.": The [*Yogācārabhūmi*,] fascicle fifty-four [folio seventeen verso] says: "Moreover, regarding all the material faculties, it should be understood that they undergo transmigration (*liú zhuǎn* 流転) by means of two kinds of streams. This is because, outside of the continuous streams (*xiāng xù liú* 相続流) of ripening-result and long-nourishment, the material faculties have no separate equal-flow stream (*děng liú liú* 等流流)." (End of passage from the treatise.)
Explaining: Among the three kinds of streams, [the material faculties] do not have the third [kind,] the equal-flow stream. The equal-flow that exists within ripening-result and long-nourishment is subsumed precisely within ripening-result and long-nourishment; hence there are only two [streams]. This is why [the text] says: "outside these two, there is no separate equal-flow."
*Question*: That there is no "original-nature equal-flow" (*běn xìng děng liú* 本性等流) among the material faculties — that proposition seems reasonable. But when the faculties are struck and contacted [by external stimuli], there is already [a process of] change and deterioration (*biàn huài* 変壊). Why then is it said that there is no "transformational equal-flow" (*biàn yì děng liú* 変異等流)?
*Response*: The chapter-master's (*zhāng zhǔ* 章主) [annotation on the *Yogācārabhūmi*,] the *Jiā Chāo* (伽抄), says: "Here [transformational equal-flow] is not explained, though it would also be possible to discuss it. However, the intent of the original treatise (*běn lùn* 本論) is, for the time being, to set it in contrast to the original-nature equal-flow stream, and simply to state that there are two [streams]. Theoretically, [transformational equal-flow] could also be explained [as present]." (End of annotation passage.)
Regarding the statement "this is explained on the basis that the substance (*tǐ* 体) of the three categories is distinct":
Concerning the meaning of equal-flow (*děng liú* 等流), there is a broad (*tōng* 通) [sense] and a narrow (*bié* 別) [sense]. When the faculties and objects (*gēn chén* 根塵) subsumed under ripening-result and long-nourishment generating their own same-type successors are called "equal-flow," this is the broad sense, not the narrow sense — i.e., the first two equal-flows among the four kinds [of equal-flow] (namely, ripening-result equal-flow and long-nourishment equal-flow). But when [only] the forms outside the category of ripening-result and long-nourishment colors generating their own same-type successors are called "equal-flow," this is the narrow sense, not the broad sense — i.e., the latter two equal-flows among the four kinds (namely, transformational equal-flow and original-nature equal-flow). The equal-flow among the three categories as discussed now relies exclusively on the latter two. Now, when [the text] says "the five faculties have only ripening-result and long-nourishment, with no separate equal-flow," this is in reference to the equal-flow in the narrow sense, not the broad sense. Hence [the text] says: "this is explained on the basis that the substance of the three categories is distinct."
From "[the material forms] other than the faculties (*fēi gēn zhū sè* 非根諸色)" to "because it is not a ripening-result (*fēi yì shú* 非異熟)":
The original treatise says: "If [it is] a form (*rūpa*) not subsumed under the faculties, know that it is equipped with three kinds of streams." (End of passage from the treatise.)
The chapter-master's annotation (*Chāo* 抄) says: "Being equipped with three categories" means: ripening-result, long-nourishment, and
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equal-flow. The "stream-stream" (*liú liú* 流流) is precisely transformational equal-flow. There is also original-nature equal-flow. Here [the text] speaks in general terms, but properly speaking one should say: "The inner supporting-root sense-objects (*fú gēn chén* 扶根塵) are equipped with ripening-result and long-nourishment; the outer sense-objects (*wài chén* 外塵) are equipped only with original-nature streams and lack ripening-result and long-nourishment, because they are not the inner body (*nèi shēn* 内身)." Together this is what is being explained. (End of annotation passage.)
Master Jǐng says: "Non-faculty forms being equipped with three kinds of streams" means: the five sense-objects (*viṣaya*, 五塵) such as form, etc., within the body of sentient beings (*sattva*) possess ripening-result equal-flow, long-nourishment equal-flow, and original-nature equal-flow. The five sense-objects of non-sentient [things] (*fēi qíng* 非情) possess only original-nature equal-flow. In principle, both internal and external five sense-objects also have transformational equal-flow. However, because [its] presence or absence is indeterminate, [the text] does not explain [it].
Master Fàn says: "Non-faculty forms being equipped with three streams" means: [the text] collectively lists all forms not subsumed under the faculties and together clarifies that they have three streams. It is not necessarily the case that each and every one of them is equipped with equal-flow, ripening-result, and long-nourishment. For example, wholesome and unwholesome forms of provisional (*jiǎ* 假) bodily and vocal action (*kāya-karman* and *vāk-karman*, 身語業) and outer receptacle-world (*bhājana-loka*, 外器) and so forth: these have only the equal-flow stream, and lack the remaining [streams such as] ripening-result, etc. If there is a definite long-nourishment in the outer receptacle-world, etc., it may also extend to long-nourishment.
"Or [the reason] this [passage] says the sound element (*śabda-dhātu*, 声界) is not a ripening-result":
Some editions say "the sound element is not explained [as ripening-result]," but this is mistaken. The [*Yogācārabhūmi*,] fascicle fifty-four [folio seventeen verso] says: "Moreover, in all the sound elements (*śabda-dhātu*), there is also something that is ripening-result — [though] it is not the sound [itself]." (End of passage from the treatise.)
Explaining: What this text now says — that among the inner five sense-objects the sound sense-object (*śabda*) has a ripening-result stream — [means that] this [text] is explaining the sound element (*śabda-dhātu* 声界), not explaining the substance (*tǐ* 体) of sound [itself]. This is because the substance of sound itself is not a ripening-result (*yì shú* 異熟).
The chapter-master's *Jiā Chāo* sets forth the view of the Great Teacher (*Tài shī* 太師, i.e., Master Kuījī) saying: Because the seeds (*bīja*, 種子) of sound have continuity (*xiāng xù* 相続), the sound element is a ripening-result. The active [functioning] (*xiàn xíng* 現行) of [sound] is intermittent and [each individual sound] perishes; hence it is not called "ripening-result" (*yì shú*).
Master Jǐng (*Jǐng Fǎshī* 景法師) has two explanations. The first explanation agrees with the view of the Great Teacher. The second says: The great elements (*mahābhūta*, 大種) in the seven locations (*qī chù* 七処) produced by karma, being the locations that are capable of producing sound, are called the "sound element" (*śabda-dhātu*). These are ripening-results. Although there are cases of the substance of sound arising to repay (*chóu* 酬) previous karma, because [sound] does not continue [without interruption], it is a ripening-result-born [thing] (*yì shú shēng* 異熟生) but not called "ripening-result." — This is not a correct view. The preceding explanation is preferable.
Now the chapter-author (*zhāng jiā* 章家) says: "*Jiè* 界" (element/realm) means *yīn* 因 (cause/basis). Specifically, this refers to the four great elements (*mahābhūta*) that produce sound. These great elements are ripening-results. The sound that is produced [by them] is not a ripening-result. This corresponds precisely to "the third-transmission sound" (*dì sān chuán shēng* 第三傳声). The way sound arises from the faculties (*indriya*, 根) differs from [the account in] the *Vibhāṣā*. Hence the *Vibhāṣā* (*Pōsà lùn* 婆沙論), fascicle one hundred eighteen [folio one recto], says: "Sound belongs to the third transmission. That is: from karma, the great elements are produced; the great elements produce sound; sound belongs to the third [transmission]." (End of passage from the treatise.)
The present chapter-author's intent is: karma is the first, the four great elements are the second, the faculties are the third. Sound arises from the third — the faculties — and hence is called "third-transmission sound." Karma is distant and remote with respect to sound and is not its [direct] cause. Hence it is said that "sound is not a ripening-result."
Furthermore, explaining another way: Some editions say "this does not explain the sound element," and this is also a good [interpretation]. The *Abhidharmakośa* (*Jù shě*, 俱舎), fascicle two [folio nine verso], says: "Sound has no ripening-result-born [form]." Master Guāng's (光法師) *subcommentary* (*shū* 疏) says: Among the eighteen elements (*aṣṭādaśa-dhātu*, 十八界), excluding the sound element, some part of the remaining seventeen elements are ripening-result-born. Therefore it is known: [the view that sound is] not explained [as ripening-result] is also a good [interpretation].
From "excluding the dharma-sphere forms (*dharmāyatana-rūpa*, 法処色)" to "also lacks ripening-result":
"Excluding dharma-sphere forms" means: in the above [discussion of] non-faculty forms being equipped with three categories, only the dharma-sphere forms are excluded. The remaining non-faculty forms are equipped with three categories. The reason it is so is: in dharma-sphere forms, there is no ripening-result stream; they have only long-nourishment and equal-flow. When [dharma-sphere forms] are considered in terms of the dharma-sphere: if [the form] is provisional (*jiǎ*) form, there is only one kind of long-nourishment — excluding "the-place-becomes-wide-and-pervading [long-nourishment]" — and it extends to two equal-flows (transformational equal-flow and original-nature equal-flow). If [the form] is real (*shí*) form, it may extend to the "place-becomes-wide-and-pervading long-nourishment," but there is no ripening-result.
Regarding the statement "forms separate from the faculties (*lí gēn zhū sè* 離根諸色), etc.":
The five sense-objects (*viṣaya*, 五塵) are of two [kinds]. First, inner (*nèi* 内). Second, outer (*wài* 外). If [they are] inner five sense-objects, because they are closely attached to the faculties, they also have ripening-result — such as the supporting-root sense-objects (*fú gēn chén* 扶根塵) within the body that is depended upon (*suǒ yī shēn* 所依身).
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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror — Great Elements and Derived Forms Chapter
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If [they are] outer five sense-objects, because they are distant and separate from the faculties, they are accordingly not ripening-results — such as the various outer receptacle [world] objects (*wài qì* 外器) outside the body depended upon. Now, because [the text] indicates outer sense-objects, it says "the forms separate from the faculties also lack ripening-result."
*Question*: "The forms separate from the faculties also lack ripening-result" — does this mean only that there is long-nourishment [but] no ripening-result? Or does it mean not merely that there is no long-nourishment [alone], but also that there is no ripening-result [either]?
*Response*: Both meanings are acceptable. If [we are speaking of] long-nourishment through meditation (*dìng cháng yǎng* 定長養), [it] also exists in outer sense-objects, while [they] lack ripening-result. If [we are speaking of] long-nourishment through retribution (*bào cháng yǎng* 報長養), [it] is absent from outer sense-objects.
The chapter-master's *Jiā Chāo* says: The outer sense-objects have only the original-nature stream and lack ripening-result and long-nourishment, because they are not the inner body (*nèi shēn* 内身).
In the present chapter, [the text] explains in terms of meditation long-nourishment; hence it says only "lacks ripening-result," not "lacks long-nourishment." The intent of the *Jiā Chāo* explains in terms of retribution long-nourishment; hence it says in general "lacks ripening-result and long-nourishment." Therefore [the two accounts] do not contradict each other.
From "among the preceding forms (*qián sè* 前色)" to "and two kinds of long-nourishment":
From here onward, [the text] re-explains in further detail the meaning of how material dharmas (*rūpa-dharma*, 色法) are equipped with more or fewer streams, as stated above.
"The preceding forms" refers collectively to four kinds of form: (1) the five-faculty forms (*wǔ gēn sè* 五根色), (2) non-faculty forms (*fēi gēn sè* 非根色), (3) dharma-sphere forms (*fǎ chù sè* 法処色), and (4) forms separate from the faculties (*lí gēn sè* 離根色, i.e., outer sense-object forms).
Among these four forms, those equipped with three categories are: among the non-faculty forms, the inner supporting-root sense-objects (*nèi fú gēn chén* 内扶根塵), which are equipped with three categories — namely ripening-result, long-nourishment, and equal-flow.
"Two ripening-results (*èr yì shú* 二異熟)" refers to: karma-born (*yè shēng* 業生, i.e., the first moment produced by karma) and continuous (*xiāng xù* 相続, i.e., what continues thereafter).
"Two kinds of long-nourishment" refers to: wide-and-pervading (*kuān biàn* 寬遍) and increase-and-flourishing (*zēng shèng* 増盛).
"Four kinds of equal-flow" refers to: ripening-result equal-flow and the [other] three, making four [in total].
Those that do not possess three categories are: among the four [kinds of] form, the five-faculty forms, together with the dharma-sphere forms, and the outer sense-object forms — these three [kinds of] form do not possess three categories. [Each] either possesses two categories or possesses one category; whether they have three categories is indeterminate. Hence [the text] says "[they] lack three categories"—