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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror — Great Elements and Derived Forms Chapter
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— [hence it says "they lack three categories."] "The five inner material faculties (*pañcendriya*, 五色根) are equipped with two ripening-results and two long-nourishments": The faculty-forms (*gēn sè* 根色) have only two categories and lack the equal-flow category — that is to say, [what is lacking here is] original-nature equal-flow (*běn xìng děng liú* 本性等流).
*Question*: Equal-flow has four [kinds]. How can it be said that the two equal-flows of ripening-result and long-nourishment are absent? How then is it possible to say "the equal-flow category is absent"?
*Response*: Outside of and apart from the two categories of ripening-result and long-nourishment, there is no separate equal-flow. Hence [the text] does not say [they] are present. Now, in reference to original-nature [equal-flow], [the text] says equal-flow is absent. As for transformational equal-flow (*biàn yì děng liú* 変異等流), whether it exists or not is indeterminate. If [the faculties] are struck and contacted [by external stimuli], it is present; if not struck and contacted, it is absent. Hence [the text] does not say [it] is present. Theoretically it could also be present, as the *Jiā Chāo* (伽抄) explains.
From the text "[material forms of] the dharma-sphere (*dharmāyatana*, 法処)" to "without the initial long-nourishment":
"There is later long-nourishment but no place-becomes-wide-and-pervading (*chù kuān biàn* 処寛遍), etc.": The [*Yogācārabhūmi*,] fascicle fifty-four [folio seventeen verso] says: "Forms subsumed under the dharma[-sphere] have no ripening-result-born stream (*yì shú shēng liú* 異熟生流). For the rest, know [them] as [you would know] mind and mental factors (*citta-caitta*, 心心所)." (End of annotation passage.)
Explaining: Among the forms subsumed under the dharma-sphere, there are provisional (*jiǎ* 假) [forms] and real (*shí* 実) [forms]. Forms produced by meditation (*dìng suǒ shēng* 定所生), which are real [forms], have two kinds of equal-flow and only one kind of long-nourishment. Or [they] may also extend to "place-becomes-wide-and-pervading [long-nourishment]." The provisional forms of the dharma-sphere have only one long-nourishment — excluding "place-becomes-wide-and-pervading" — and extend to two kinds of equal-flow. This is precisely the interpretation in the chapter-master's *Jiā Chāo*. In the present chapter, however, [the text] says there are three kinds of equal-flow — how then [do the two accounts] not contradict each other?
*Response*: The intent of the *Jiā Chāo* is that outside of the "phase-increase-flourishing long-nourishment stream" (*xiāng zēng shèng cháng yǎng liú* 相増盛長養流), there is no separate equal-flow. Therefore [the *Jiā Chāo*] does not list the long-nourishment equal-flow, and states only that there are the latter two kinds of equal-flow. In the present chapter, all three kinds of equal-flow are listed together — hence [the two accounts] do not contradict [each other].
Master Jǐng says: "Among the dharma-sphere forms, the *extremely-abbreviated* (*jí lüè* 極略) [form] and the *extremely-reverted* (*jí huí* 極廻) [form] are both provisional [forms]. When [a form is] analyzed down to the finest subtle atom (*paramāṇu*, 極微), there is no real-form substance. It is simply when [the mind] provisionally analyzes [something] by taking form as object that it obtains, within the mental image (*xiāng fēn* 相分), an equal-flow stream (*děng liú liú* 等流流). As for non-indicative form (*avijñapti-rūpa*, 無表色), relying on the seeds (*bīja*, 種子) of indicative form (*vijñapti-rūpa*, 表色), one can provisionally posit the existence of an original-nature equal-flow stream. Where there is the significance of increase-and-flourishing, as in [the case of] wholesome and unwholesome [moral] discipline (*śīla*, 律儀), there is also the second long-nourishment stream. Form produced by meditation (*dìng suǒ shēng sè* 定所生色) and shadow-image form (*chǐng xiàng sè* 影像色) arising from [mental] constructive imagination (*parikalpita*, 遍計) also have original-nature equal-flow and the second phase-increase-flourishing stream — as [the *Jiā Chāo*] explains."
"Mind-and-mental-factors, etc.": The [*Yogācārabhūmi*,] fascicle fifty-four says: "Mind and mental factors (*citta-caitta*) have an equal-flow stream, a ripening-result-born stream (*yì shú shēng liú* 異熟生流), and a second phase-increase-flourishing long-nourishment stream (*dì èr xiāng zēng shèng cháng yǎng liú* 第二相増盛長養流)." (End of passage from the treatise.)
Explaining: Mind and mental factors that repay (*chóu* 酬) wholesome and unwholesome karma are ripening-result equal-flow (*yì shú děng liú* 異熟等流). Wholesome and unwholesome mental dharmas (*xīn fǎ* 心法), as well as deportment (*airy*, 威儀), craft (*kōng qiǎo* 工巧), and transformation (*biàn huà* 変化), etc., are original-nature equal-flow (*běn xìng děng liú* 本性等流). Now, the aforementioned wholesome and unwholesome dharmas increase in their substantial phase (*tǐ xiāng* 体相) through conditions such as food — and this increase is called the long-nourishment stream. Because [these] are not material dharmas (*rūpa-dharma*, 色法), there is no "place-becomes-wide-and-pervading long-nourishment." Hence [the text] says "without the initial long-nourishment."
From the text "the various aggregates (*skandha*, 蘊) of the form realm (*rūpadhātu*, 色界)" to "[long-nourishment of] the three realms (*dhātu*, 界) all extends to meditative-stabilization (*samādhi*, 等持)":
This is [an explanation that] discriminates, based on the realm [distinction], the greater and lesser number of conditions that long-nourishment is equipped with. The [*Yogācārabhūmi*,] fascicle fifty-four [folio seventeen recto] says: "The various forms of the desire realm (*kāmadhātu*, 欲界) attain long-nourishment by means of the four kinds of food (*āhāra*, 四食) and all other conditions (*nidāna*, 因縁) for long-nourishment. The various forms of the form realm do not attain long-nourishment by means of solid food (*kabaliṅkārāhāra*, 段食), sleep, and celibate practice (*brahmacarya*, 梵行)."
Explaining: Solid food (*duàn shí* 段食) has scent (*gandha*) and taste (*rasa*) as its substance. The form realm lacks scent and taste — hence [form-realm beings do] not [attain long-nourishment] by means of solid food. Sleep in general arises from three conditions: (1) dependence on food and drink, (2) dependence on the season (*jié* 節), (3) arising from the mind. The first two conditions extend to even arhats (*arhat*, 阿羅漢). The last condition belongs only to ordinary persons (*pṛthagjana*, 凡夫). In the upper two realms (form realm and formless realm) these conditions do not exist — hence [beings there do] not [attain long-nourishment] by means of sleep. This meaning is explained at length in the *Yíjiào lùn* (遺教論, *Treatise on the Buddha's Final Teaching*). Sustaining the body through celibate practice (*brahmacarya*) exists only in the desire realm; the upper realms do not have this matter — hence [they do] not [attain long-nourishment] by means of celibate practice.
*Question*: Practicing celibacy (*brahmacarya*) — i.e., cultivating superior mental engagement (*adhimanas*, 勝作意) — also extends to the upper realms. How then can it be said that there is no celibate practice in the upper realms?
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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror — Great Elements and Derived Forms Chapter
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*Response*: In the upper realms, although [beings] cultivate mental engagement (*manaskāra*, 作意), this is not the cause that sustains (*zhù* 住) the body. [They] cultivate mental engagement solely in order to attain meditative stabilization (*samādhi*, 定). Therefore, the aggregates (*skandha*, 蘊) of the upper realms are not long-nourished through celibate practice, but are long-nourished exclusively through meditative-stabilization (*samādhi*, 等持). As for "[long-nourishment of] the three realms all extends to meditative-stabilization": if one explains in accordance with [a] difficult [question] — when the body is in the desire realm and one cultivates and attains a higher [realm's] meditative stabilization (*dhyāna*, 定), it is through the power of that meditative stabilization that the desire-realm form and mind (*sè xīn* 色心) are nourished. Hence the long-nourishment of the desire [realm] also extends to meditative-stabilization.
From the text "among internal and external aggregates (*jù* 聚)" to "not because [this passage] discriminates [their] substance":
"Among internal and external aggregates, according to what is applicable, there are either three, two, or one category of great-element-produced form (*mahābhūta-nirmita*, 大種造色)": If [it is the] supporting-root sense-objects (*fú gēn chén* 扶根塵) etc., [they] possess all three categories. If [it is the] five faculty-forms etc., [they] have only two categories, without original-nature equal-flow. If [it is the] form of wholesome and unwholesome provisional bodily and verbal karma (*kāya-vāk-karman*, 身語業) and the outer receptacle world (*bhājana-loka*, 外器) etc., [they] have only the equal-flow stream and lack the remaining [streams of] ripening-result, etc. If the outer receptacle world etc. has definite long-nourishment [through meditation], it may also extend to long-nourishment.
In this way, according to what is applicable, all internal and external forms are equipped with three, two, or one category. These three categories each have what produces (*néng zào* 能造) and what is produced (*suǒ zào* 所造). Each one, following its own category, is called its own "great-element-produced form" (*dà zhǒng zào sè* 大種造色). That is: what is produced by ripening-result great elements (*yì shú dà zhǒng suǒ zào* 異熟大種所造), and so forth, up to what is produced by equal-flow great elements. These three categories of great-element-produced forms, mutually facing one another, can each produce [forms of] the other [categories]. To explain this meaning, there are briefly two *guān* (関, junctures/sections): (1) clarifying that the four great elements of the three categories each separately produce form; (2) clarifying that the four great elements of the three categories produce form in an interlocking-alternating manner (*qǐ hù* 綺互).
In the first [section], "separate production" (*bié zào* 別造): What is produced [by each] is in turn subsumed under its own separate category among the three. That is: the ripening-result great elements produce the ten ripening-result forms (*yì shú shí sè* 異熟十色) within the inner body. The long-nourishment great elements are able to produce the long-nourishment faculty-forms (*cháng yǎng sè gēn* 長養色根) and the forms of the eleven sense-spheres (*āyatana*, 処) inside and outside. The equal-flow great elements are able to produce the equal-flow forms of the outer six sense-spheres — forms, sounds, etc.
In the second [section], "mutual production" (*hù zào* 互造):
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First: The ripening-result four great elements are able to produce the form and sound of meditation long-nourishment (*dìng cháng yǎng sè shēng* 定長養色聲). Hence the [*Yogācārabhūmi*,] fascicle sixty-six says: "If the concentrated mind (*dìng xīn* 定心) of that [person] contemplates the material dharmas of the desire realm, [and] shadow-images arise, it should be said [they are] produced by the desire-realm great elements." (End of passage from the treatise.) Because these desire-realm great elements already extend to ripening-result, etc., it is thus known that these meditation long-nourishment forms are produced from the ripening-result great elements.
Second: The ripening-result four great elements are able to produce equal-flow forms, sounds, etc. That is: when ripening-result forms and sounds can manifest (*biǎo* 表) the inner wholesome and unwholesome volitions (*cetanā*, 思), they are then called equal-flow forms and sounds. These equal-flow forms and sounds can be produced from the ripening-result great elements.
As for the long-nourishment four great elements being able to produce ripening-result faculties and sense-objects: food and drink etc. long-nourish the four great elements and the faculties and sense-objects. When these have been long-nourished [in this way], they also cause the ripening-result faculties and sense-objects to become superior (*zēng shèng* 増勝) and expansive (*kuān guǎng* 寬廣). It is precisely through the power of that long-nourishing and enlarging that the ripening-result faculties become superior. This is then producing through mutual dependence (*xiāng yóu jí* 相由籍), and not direct production (*qīn zào* 親造).
Regarding the statement "the long-nourishment four great elements are able to produce equal-flow forms, sounds, etc.": that is, when long-nourishment forms and sounds are able to manifest (*biǎo* 表) the wholesome and unwholesome volitional karma (*cetanā-karman*, 思業), they are then called equal-flow forms and sounds. Therefore these equal-flow forms and sounds are produced from the long-nourishment great elements. The remainder can be understood.
As for the equal-flow four great elements being able to produce ripening-result and long-nourishment forms, etc.: Since the substance of food and drink is equal-flow [great elements] capable of producing what is produced — relying on this food and drink, [the equal-flow four great elements] are not merely able to produce long-nourishment forms, sounds, etc. alone, but further also cause the ripening-result faculties and sense-objects to become superior (*zēng shèng* 増勝). Therefore, the equal-flow four great elements within this food function as a remote support (*yuǎn yī* 遠依), long-nourishing the ripening-result [forms] etc. so that they either arise or become superior. Using this mutual production as an example, the remaining cases of mutual arising can be understood by analogy.
Now, in order to mark out and explain the meaning of these three categories each producing [forms] separately and also producing [forms] in a mutually alternating manner, [the text] says "according to what is applicable, it is explained that all the great elements produce all [forms]" —