英語訳
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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror — Great Elements and Derived Forms Chapter
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— [namely, that] "all great elements produce all forms, etc." This meaning is profound and subtle. Scholars should carefully contemplate it.
From the text "[Fascicle] fifty-four says" to "should not be explained separately": This quotes a passage to prove what was stated above — namely, that "existing through mutual dependence constitutes the meaning of *造* (production/造)." The phrase "by relying on the place (*āśraya*, 処所) of the great elements (*mahābhūta*, 大種), derived form (*bhautika-rūpa*, 造色) arises, etc." explains the text on the first of the five kinds of arising (*pañca-jāti*, 五種の生) — namely, "arising through dependence as support (*āśraya-ja*, 依止生)." Master Jǐng says: "At the time of initial rebirth, the great elements exist first; based upon their location (*chùsuǒ* 処所), the remaining forms arise in dependence upon them. This is what is called *production* (*zào* 造)."
"Furthermore, the fact that what is produced by those great elements is obtainable within this aggregate — know that therein those dharmas are indeed present": If within an aggregate (*saṃcita*, 聚) of material form there are earth-great-elements (*pṛthivī-mahābhūta*, 地大) or other great elements, and there are what is produced (*suǒ zào* 所造) — whether faculties (*indriya*, 根) or sense-objects (*viṣaya*, 塵) — then those dharmas (i.e., the faculty-dharmas and sense-object-dharmas) are present. "Those dharmas" refers to the dharmas of the faculties and sense-objects. The treatise (fascicle fifty-four [folio thirteen recto]) explains the meaning of *production* (*zào* 造): "This means subsuming and sustaining (*shè-chí* 摂持) that [derived form] at a single location (*yī chù* 一処). This is called *production*. That is: because the earth-great-element (*pṛthivī*) subsumes and sustains forms at the same location, it is called *production*."
"Hence, all the great elements, etc." — this is the text of the chapter-author. Whether of the ripening-result (*vipāka*, 異熟) category, the long-nourishment (*cháng yǎng* 長養) category, or the equal-flow (*niṣyanda*, 等流) category — regardless of which category — all those that coexist within a single aggregate and exist through mutual dependence can all be called *production*. It is not only the ripening-result great element that produces ripening-result form; it can also produce long-nourishment form, etc. Thus each and every one of these [categories] can mutually obtain the meaning of *production*.
The Sarvāstivāda (*Sàpóduō* 薩婆多) school, etc. — (as cited in the *Abhidharmakośa*, fascicle 2 [folio 18], which draws on the *Mahāvibhāṣā*, fascicle 132, etc.) — holds that subtle atoms (*paramāṇu*, 極微) are individually distinct and though they congregate together their substances are different; same-category and different-category [atoms] each remain separately and cannot mutually produce [forms of] the other. Here [in this text], in order to exclude (*jiǎn* 簡) that school's position, [the text] says "it is not necessarily a matter of fixed attribution." In the present Mahāyāna school, all great elements of the same or different categories produce [forms], with no separate [independent] subtle atoms; in accordance with whatever aggregate exists, all [elements] mutually interpenetrate (*shè-rù* 摂入) and mutually obtain the meaning of *production*. Since here [we] do not agree with that [Hīnayāna position], [the text] says "the principle differs from that of Hīnayāna."
【Lower Section】
From the text "here it may also be..." to "the earlier explanation is preferable": This is the second explanation. The *Duìfǎ jué* (対法決, *Determination [of Questions] on the Abhidharma*) says: "Question: The four great elements have three [kinds]: ripening-result, long-nourishment, and equal-flow. Can they mutually produce one another or not? [A certain] master says: Each produces [only] its own [category] separately and they do not mutually produce [one another]." (End of the *jué* passage.) What is called in the present text "one's own category produces" corresponds to the view of that master. However, as for the statement "the master says" in the *Duìfǎ jué*, it is not yet clear which master's view this is. The remainder is as that [text] explains.
"What subsequently arises and becomes manifest each relies on its own category": the three categories, each according to what is applicable, each rely on their own category. "What exists through mutual dependence is called *production*, etc." — this is the correct view (*zhèng yì* 正義). Although the three categories are different, within the same aggregate all [dharmas] that exist through mutual dependence are all termed *production*. The three categories depend on one another and each mutually produce — hence [this] meaning of *production*. This meaning of *production* has already been explained as above.
*Question*: When the two kinds of four great elements — ripening-result and long-nourishment — produce their respective ripening-result and long-nourishment faculties, do they produce [them] sequentially (one before the other), or simultaneously?
*Response*: In the *Duìfǎ jué*, recording the view of Dharma-master Tài (*Tài Fǎshī* 泰法師) and others, it says: "If the ripening-result faculty arises first and the long-nourishment [faculty] then arises afterward, then the ripening-result great element first produces the ripening-result faculty, and the long-nourishment great element subsequently produces the long-nourishment faculty. If at the same time as the ripening-result faculty there is a long-nourishment faculty, then the two kinds of four great elements should simultaneously produce them. Now [the author] explains: At the time of initial [re]birth, there are only ripening-result great elements and faculties that arise first. Only afterward, upon obtaining the conditions for long-nourishment, do the long-nourishment faculties and great elements come to exist. For this reason, at the time of initial [re]birth, the conditions for long-nourishment do not yet exist; there are only ripening-result faculties and great elements — which differs from the Sarvāstivāda position that [everything] arises simultaneously." (End of the *jué* passage.)
Concerning the great elements in this [context], the broad explanation in question-and-answer form contains eighteen questions. All are as explained therein. Since [reproducing them] would be tedious, [they are] not recorded here.
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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror — Great Elements and Derived Forms Chapter
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From the text "namely, producing apart-from-great-elements (*lí dà zào* 離大造)" to "called producing-apart-from-substrate (*lí zhì zào* 離質造)": In certain manuscript versions it says "namely, the great elements in mutual regard distinguish *production*" (*jí lí dà zhǒng xiāng wàng biàn zào* 即離大種相望辨造). Conforming to the initial section-heading (*biāo mén* 標門), it should say "namely, producing-apart-from-great-elements" (*jí lí dà zào* 即離大造), which is also a good reading in terms of meaning. Within "immediate [production]" (*jí* 即) and "separate [production]" (*lí* 離):
The first is *immediate-substrate production* (*jí zhì zào* 即質造): the producer (*néng zào* 能造) and what is produced (*suǒ zào* 所造) correspond to each other and their magnitudes are equal. As an example, [consider] how the five [sense-object] fields (*pañcaviṣaya*, 五境) attach to the substrate (*zhì* 質) and are equal to the magnitude of that substrate. The further [the derived form] moves away from the substrate, the larger it becomes relative to the substrate — [this is離質造].
*Production* has two meanings: (1) *Real direct production* (*shí qīn zào* 実親造). This must necessarily be of the same nature (*xìng* 性) — it is not that different natures produce [one another]; it must necessarily be of the same category — it is not that different categories produce [one another]; since defiled (*sāsrava*, 有漏) and undefiled (*anāsrava*, 無漏) must be of the same category, production must be of the same realm — it is not that different realms produce [one another]; and meditative stabilization (*samādhi*, 定) and non-meditative states (*sànwèi* 散) must always be the same — [production is] not from a different producer. These are called the meaning of *immediate-substrate production* (*jí zhì zào* 即質造). (2) *Provisional remote production* (*jiǎ shū zào* 仮疎造). Here, relying [on something] remotely, one can also produce [forms] at a distance (*xuán zào* 懸造), and it is not necessarily required to be of the same nature. The first, *real direct production*, is found only in *immediate-substrate* [production]. The second, *provisional remote production*, also extends to *apart-from-substrate* [production]. As Master Jī's (*Kuìjī* 窺基) *Jiā Chāo* explains.
From the text "[Fascicle] sixty-four says" to "called 'cannot be obtained'": From here on, passages are quoted to prove the meaning of *apart-from-substrate production* (*lí zhì zào* 離質造). The earlier *immediate-substrate production* is easy to understand in its meaning. The meaning of the later *apart-from-substrate production* is somewhat difficult to know — hence passages are quoted as proof. Two passages are briefly cited; this is the first passage. As for "[fascicle] sixty-four": upon checking fascicle sixty-four [of the *Yogācārabhūmi*], this passage is entirely absent. It is only in fascicle fifty-four that this passage is found. Therefore [the correct citation is] *Yoga* [*cārabhūmi*], fascicle fifty-four, which says: "Moreover, the light (*prabhā*, 光明) emitted [from the sun-disc's wheel] beyond and apart from the disc: the remaining great elements and scent (*gandha*, 香), etc. are all 'cannot be obtained' (*anupalabdha*, 不可得)."
In the *Zuǎn* (纂, *Compendium* [i.e., the *Chéngwéishí lùn zhǎngyuǎn* or a related commentary]), the passage from fascicle fifty-four is cited. The Chapter-Master (Kuìjī's) *Jiā Chāo* [fascicle four, folio twenty-four verso] explains this passage, saying "there are two explanations": The western [i.e., Indian] first explanation says: "There is form produced apart from the substrate (*lí zhì zào sè* 離質造色). It is like the light of the sun-disc, [which is] produced from afar from the great elements of the disc. It is not that [where] only the great element is located (*chù* 処). This passage is used as proof. Among the five causes (*pañca-hetu*, 五因), the sustaining cause (*dhāraṇa-hetu*, 持因) speaks here in reference to the great elements [that are] immediately at the substrate (*jí zhì dà* 即質大)."
The second explanation says:
【Lower Section】
"There is great-element production just as [in the case of] light; those great elements also have [within them] entities that separately produce that light, etc. However, since [the light] is brought forth (*引生*, elicited) by taking the fire-great-element (*tejo-mahābhūta*, 火大) within the original disc as its condition (*pratyaya*, 緣), [those great elements] are extremely subtle and therefore 'cannot be obtained' (*anupalabdha*). Hence [the text] says they are absent. How could there be no heat-contact (*sparśa*, 熱触) in light? Heat-contact is said to be provisional (*jiǎ* 仮), taking the fire-great-element as its substance. How could heat-contact arise separated from fire? Hence one knows that [the great elements] are indeed present [within the light]. If [one takes the position of] the earlier explanation that 'the heat in the sun is a heat-contact within the sun-disc' — that would be the heat of the fire's vigor-portion (*shì fēn* 勢分) within the sun-disc, and not the fire-great-element that produces the luminous color. Sound should similarly be understood by analogy."
*Question*: Why is scent (*gandha*) absent? — "Because scent and taste are light [in weight], they are absent in light. Because color (*rūpa*) and heat-contact are heavy, they are present also in light." (End of the *Chāo* passage.)
"[Regarding] the apart-from-substrate light, scent, and below" — this is the chapter-author's text. It corresponds to the first of the two explanations. "The four great elements at the point of emission (*fā chù* 発処)" refers to the four great elements of the sun-disc itself. "Place of dwelling and support (*jū chù suǒ yī* 居処所依)": the near and distant places other than the sun-disc are called "place of dwelling" (*jū chù* 居処). "Support" (*suǒ yī* 所依) refers to the producing great element (*néng zào dà* 能造大). Wherever the light reaches — whether near or far — there is no separate producing element (*néng zào* 能造). Only within the original sun-disc is there the great element that produces the light. Hence [the text] says "there is no place-of-dwelling support [i.e., no great element in the place where the light arrives]."
From the text "the various [forms of] disciplinary precepts (*śīla*, 律儀戒)" to "production without separation from one another" (*bù xiāng lí zào* 不相離造): Among the two passages briefly cited to prove the meaning of *apart-from-substrate production*, this is the second passage. "The various disciplinary precepts (*śīla*), etc.": The three kinds — [precepts arising from] meditative stabilization (*dhyāna-saṃvara*, 定律儀), [from] the path (*mārga-saṃvara*, 道律儀), and [from] the Prātimokṣa (*prātimokṣa-saṃvara*, 別脱律儀) — are multiple (not one) — hence "various" (*zhū* 諸). "Dependent on non-manifesting dharmas (*anavabhāsa-dharma*, 不現行法), etc.": Master Fàn says: "Speaking of the actual principle, wholesome and unwholesome non-indicative seeds (*avijñapti-bīja*, 無表種) mutually obstruct and prevent [each other's manifestation]. However, the *Xiǎnyáng lùn* (*Abhidharmasamuccaya*, 顕揚論) [fascicle one, folio thirteen (sense)] speaks only of prevention (*fáng* 防) and non-prevention (*bù fáng* 不防) in regard to unwholesome bodily and verbal [karma], and hence speaks of disciplinary precepts (*śīla*). That is: by preventing those unwholesome bodily and verbal [actions] from manifesting (*xiàn xíng* 現行), [one establishes] in the [following location] ..."
[Marginal note:] The meaning is: Within the *Xiǎnyáng lùn* (顕揚論), the older manuscript divides it as [follows]... What follows below connects with the passage from the *Duìfǎ chāo* (対法抄), fascicle 2 [folio forty-eight verso] onward, where that section cites the *Chéngyè lùn* (*Karmasiddhiprakaraṇa*, 成業論) and *Wéishí* (唯識, *Vijñaptimātratāsiddhi*) — there is a danger of confusion. Should be investigated further.