英語訳
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【Outside frame, upper right horizontal】Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror — Great Elements and Derived Forms Chapter
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【Upper Section】
…[the character is established] upon the seed of *cetanā* (思種, volitional intention); it is called "form" (*rūpa*, 色) from what is being prevented. The seed of the *cetanā* of the *asaṃvara* (不律儀, non-restraint) does not prevent these evil bodily and verbal actions; therefore it is able to manifest in activity (*xiànxíng*, 現行). Because the seed of *cetanā* gives rise to this manifesting form, a "form-nature" (*rūpa-svabhāva*, 色性) is provisionally established upon the seed of *cetanā*. Although that manifesting form (*xiàn sè*, 現色) does have its *biǎo* (表, explicit/indicative [action]), here [the analysis] does not rely on the manifesting form. [The functioning here] is only the capacity (*gōng néng*, 功能) of the seed of *cetanā* and is not the explicit (*biǎo*, 表) [action of] evil bodily and verbal [karma]; therefore the seed of *cetanā* is called *wúbiǎo* (無表, non-indicative [karma]). In terms of actuality, one may also say that the *wúbiǎo* of *asaṃvara* (不律儀) is spoken of in reference to the wholesome form that is being obstructed. As extensively explained in the *Duìfǎ shū* (対法疏) of that master [i.e., Master Fàn] — one should consult that text and examine it.
From the text "its *jí lüè*, *jí* (迥)" to "what arises [from them] is the same": "Its *jí lüè* (*jí luè*), etc." — Among the five forms of the *dharmāyatana* (法処, mind-only dharma-base), three forms are briefly indicated in order to clarify the manner of *production* (*zào*, 造). "Extremely-condensed form" (*jí lüè sè*, 極略色): "*jí*" (極) means "to arrive at the ultimate" or "to exhaust." "*lüè*" (略) has two meanings: (1) the meaning of *gathering together* (*zǒng*, 惣) — analyzing (*zhé*, 折) all material forms (*rūpa*) gathered together down to their ultimate atoms (*paramāṇu*, 極微), called "extremely-condensed form"; (2) the meaning of *minimum* (*shǎo*, 少) — analyzing faculties and sense-objects down to the most minimal point, called "extremely-condensed form." The *Duìfǎ lùn* (*Abhidharmasamuccaya*, 対法論) [fascicle 1, folio 8 verso] explains "extremely-condensed form": "It takes subtle atoms (*paramāṇu*) as its substance (*tǐ*, 体); that is, it takes as its nature the subtle atoms (*paramāṇu*) of the five faculties (*pañcendriya*, 五根), five sense-objects (*pañcaviṣaya*, 五塵), four great elements (*catvāri mahābhūtāni*, 四大種), and the real forms of the *dharmāyatana* (法処)."
"Extremely-diaphanous form" (*jí jiǒng sè*, 極迥色): This is the *jiǒng*-form (*jiǒng sè*, 迥色) of the *rūpāyatana* (色処, form-domain) — it is that which becomes manifest only when freed from obstruction (*āvaraṇa*, 礙), and "diaphanous" (*jiǒng*, 迥) is the name established [for it] on account of [being freed from obstruction]. The *Duìfǎ lùn* says: "Namely, the form that is free from all other obstructing contacts (*sparśa*, 触); it takes the subtle atoms (*paramāṇu*) of the space-element form (*ākāśa-rūpa*, 空界色) as its substance."
"Conceptually-constructed arising form" (*biànjì suǒ qǐ sè*, 遍計所起色): Because consciousness (*vijñāna*, 識) of the three natures (善・悪・無記, wholesome, unwholesome, indeterminate) extensively analyzes and discriminates (*biànjì dù*, 遍計度) objects, and because [form] arises therefrom, it is called "conceptually-constructed arising form." The *Duìfǎ lùn* [fascicle 4, folio 17 recto] says: "This refers to image-forms (*pratibimba-rūpa*, 影像色) — the faculties and sense-objects that are transformations (*pariṇāma*, 所変) of solitary, non-meditative mental [consciousness], without the function of [genuine] faculties, etc. — like the reflection of the moon in water or an image in a mirror. These are not one [kind but many]."
"Following the great elements of the original substrate (*běn zhì*, 本質), etc." — as for the original substrate of the *dharmāyatana*-forms, the various texts are not in agreement. According to the *Pramāṇasamuccaya* (*Jí liàng lùn*, 集量論), the indirect (*śithila*, 疎) object-condition (*ālambanapratyaya*, 所縁縁) is
【Lower Section】
decisively (*juédìng*, 決定) present whenever any consciousness arises. As explained in the *Buddhabhūmi-sūtra* (*Fódì lùn*, 仏地論) etc.: "Even when non-discriminating wisdom (*nirvikalpajñāna*, 無分別智) takes *tathatā* (真如, suchness) as its object, it also produces a mental image (*pratibimba*, 影像)." Therefore, whenever any consciousness arises, there is definitely an original substrate (*běn zhì*, 本質). Relying on this principle, among the five [*dharmāyatana*-forms], four forms necessarily have an original substrate.
The first, "extremely-condensed form," takes as its original substrate the real forms of the ten form-bases (*rūpāyatana*, 有色処) of the desire-realm (*kāmadhātu*, 欲界) and form-realm (*rūpadhātu*, 色界) along with the fruits of meditative concentration in the form and formless realms (*rūpāvacaradhyāna*, 色無色定果).
The next, "extremely-diaphanous form," takes the form-base (*rūpāyatana*, 色処) of the desire-realm and form-realm as its substrate (*zhì*, 質). In the formless realm (*ārūpyadhātu*, 無色界) there is no separate domain (*suǒ chù*, 所処). Therefore, what is explained here is all generated by the analysis (*zhé*, 析) of those coarse forms — these are what [the text] takes as [the] substrate. It is not that having those [kinds of] forms is called the "original substrate."
"Conceptually-constructed arising [form]" takes as its original substrate the ten form-bases of the desire realm and the forms that arise through meditative concentration in the upper two realms (form-realm and formless-realm). All of these can lodge upon (*tuō*, 託) [their respective substrates] and transform into mental images (*pratibimba*, 影像); hence there are forms that have a substrate (*zhì*, 質). If there is no original object (*běn jìng*, 本境), one uses verbal teachings (*míng jiào*, 名教) as the original substrate — since it is admitted that the cognitive aspect (*ākāra*, 行相) of consciousness extends to both the direct cognizing (*dṛṣṭi*, 見) [aspect] and the image (*pratibimba*, 影) [aspect], one knows that what is cognized (*ālambana*, 所縁) definitely has both the image and the substrate.
The *Chéngwéishí lùn* (*Vijñaptimātratāsiddhi-śāstra*, 成唯識論) [fascicle 7, folio 31] states: "The indirect object-condition (*alambana-pratyaya*, 疎所縁縁) may or may not exist for the cognizing consciousness — since [consciousness] can arise even without depending upon an external (*bāhya*, 外) substrate of reflection (*suǒlǜtuō*, 所慮託)."
If one follows this interpretation, [then]: for the forms of "extremely-condensed," "extremely-diaphanous," and "conceptually-constructed-arising" [categories] — those that analyze dependent forms and rely on verbal teachings (*míng jiào*, 名教) have their original substrate as stated above. Those that, based on one's own discursive thinking (*xúnsī*, 尋思), discriminate such [things as] self (*ātman*, 我), dharmas (*dharma*, 法), sky-flowers (*ākāśa-puṣpa*, 空花), rabbit-horns (*śaśaviṣāṇa*, 兎角), past, future, the end of *kalpas* (*kalpa*, 劫), and the eternally subtle — without depending on others' teachings — have no original substrate whatsoever. As extensively explained in the Chapter-Master [Kuìjī's] *Duìfǎ chāo* (対法抄) [fascicle 2, folio 51 verso].
Now [when the text] says "following the great elements of the original substrate, etc." — the coarse forms that are analyzed (*suǒ xī*, 所析) already extend to both *immediate* (*jí zhì*, 即質) and *apart-from-substrate* (*lí zhì*, 離質) [production]. Based on this, the "extremely-condensed" and "extremely-diaphanous" [forms] that are established from it also extend to both *immediate* and *apart-from-substrate*. The great elements (*mahābhūta*, 大種) that produce (*néng zào*, 能造) the coarse forms of the original substrate already extend to both *immediate* and *apart-from-substrate*. The "extremely-condensed" forms, etc. that are established based on this
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【Outside frame, upper left horizontal】Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror — Great Elements and Derived Forms Chapter
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【Upper Section】
also follow the original substrate and are called either *immediate-substrate production* (*jí zhì zào*, 即質造) or *apart-from-substrate production* (*lí zhì zào*, 離質造). "Conceptually-constructed arising [form]" should be understood by analogy with this.
From the text "the formless realm has none" to "as [discussed] in the *wúbiǎo* (無表, non-indicative karma) chapter," [specifically] "one should take the great elements that produce evil precepts belonging to one's own past body as the producing [elements]":
*Question*: Can the forms of the three periods of time (*trikāla*, 三世) accomplish *suspended production* (*xuán zào*, 懸造 — production across temporal distance)?
*Response*: Master Fàn says: "In the Mahāyāna school, the past and future have no substance (*tǐ*, 体); only the present has substance — therefore there is no *suspended production*. However, if [things] are distantly interconnected, then [such production] is also possible. If, through present great elements, future produced-forms are drawn out and caused to arise from afar, one may provisionally establish this as *suspended production* — however, this is not genuine (*zhēn*, 真) production. As for presently-produced forms, one may also provisionally say that they are produced by the great elements of the past — there is no obstacle to explaining it in this way (*yì shuō*, 義説). (End of the master's text.)" The meaning of the present chapter-author is likewise the same.
"As [discussed] in the *wúbiǎo* chapter": The seventh gate of the *Biǎo Wúbiǎo Yílín* (表無表義林, "Meaning Grove on Indicative and Non-Indicative [Karma]") [folio 49 recto] says: "Even if [one considers] the Buddha's body's undefiled (*anāsrava*, 無漏) non-indicative [karma] and the formless-realm's concentration-concomitant [precepts] — if these are [also] brought about by the four great elements of the past desire-realm — [then] since they provisionally rely on something distant (*shū yuǎn*, 疎遠) for the name 'form,' and likewise rely on something distant for the name 'production,' for this reason they are not [simply] named 'form' from what is [immediately] manifested (*suǒ fā*, 所発), nor named 'production' [from what is immediately manifested] — because [the relation] is indeterminate, and it is not necessarily the case that [corresponding] bodily and verbal [actions] are manifested (*suǒ fā shēn yǔ*, 所発身語). (End of the chapter text.)" Here [the author] points to that passage, hence saying "as [discussed] in the *wúbiǎo* chapter."
Master Fàn says: "In the mutual production among the three realms, consider someone who, while dwelling in the desire-realm, has attained the divine eye (*divyacakṣus*, 天眼): the consciousness of the desire-realm, relying on the eye of the upper realm, sees the forms of the upper realm. The shadow-form (*pratibimba*, 影色) that is the transformation of this eye-consciousness follows the cognizing consciousness (*néng yuán shí*, 能縁識) and is solely included within the desire-realm. Yet [this consciousness] uses the four great elements of the upper realm as its remote producing [elements] (*néng zào*, 能造) — because the shadow-form (*pratibimba*, 影色) of the desire-realm has no four great elements of a different realm. Taking this as an example, the rest is likewise. Furthermore, the autonomous forms (*zìzài sè*, 自在色) of form-realm and formless-realm meditative concentrations
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take the four great elements of the desire-realm and form-realm as their producing [elements] (*néng zào*, 能造). Hence the forms of the upper realms remotely use the great elements of the lower realms for production. (End of the master's text.)" This meaning also agrees with the intention of the chapter-author. As extensively explained in that master's [Fàn's] *Duìfǎ shū* (対法疏).
From the text "question-and-answer analysis" to "how many things can be obtained": Within this sixth gate (*mén*, 門), there are altogether six rounds (*fān*, 番) of questions and answers. The question in the first round is the chapter-author's own question. The answer is the text of the *Yoga* [*cārabhūmi*] (*Yújiā*, 瑜伽), fascicle three [folio three recto]. The questions and answers of the second, third, and fifth rounds are all from the question-and-answer passages in the *Yogācārabhūmi*, fascicle fifty-four. The questions in the fourth and sixth rounds of question-and-answer are both taken from the *Mahāvibhāṣā* (毘婆沙論), fascicle 127 [folio five recto and below]. The answer of the fourth round in this [text] is from the *Yogācārabhūmi*, fascicle sixty-six, and fascicle three. The answer of the sixth round is the chapter-author's own answer — using the text of the *Saṃgrahaṇīviniścaya* (*Shèjuézé fēn*, 攝決擇分) to prove [the author's] own interpretation.
This is the question raised by the chapter-author in the first round. "Aggregates of various forms" (*zhū sè jù*, 諸色聚) — this is an overall indication (*zǒng biāo*, 惣標) of the producing forms (*néng zào sè*, 能造色) and the produced forms (*suǒ zào sè*, 所造色). Within all these forms there are increases and decreases (*zēng jiǎn*, 増減). Now [the text] is about to clarify the specific characteristics (*bié xiāng*, 別相) of these increases and decreases; hence it first raises a question.
From the text "*Yoga* [*cārabhūmi*] fascicle three" to "the presence or absence of dust and wind": In the answers that follow, first the increases and decreases of the producing [great elements] (*néng zào*, 能造) are clarified. Next, from "or only form (*rūpa*, 色) is present, etc." onward, the increases and decreases of the produced [forms] (*suǒ zào*, 所造) are clarified. Then from "just as the above produced forms" onward, the mutual non-separation (*bù xiāng lí*, 不相離) of producing and produced [elements] and their characteristics of increase and decrease are clarified together. However, *Yoga* [*cārabhūmi*] fascicle three discusses only the increases and decreases of the producing [elements] and does not discuss the increases and decreases of the produced forms. In the present chapter, following the text of fascicle fifty-four etc., the increases and decreases of the produced forms are also clarified. This first clarifies the increases and decreases of the producing [elements].
"Like stone, *maṇi* (末尼, gemstone), etc." — *Yoga* [*cārabhūmi*] fascicle three says [folio 2 verso]: "Furthermore, in terms of mutual inclusion (*xiāng shè*, 相攝) there are fourteen items (namely: five faculties, five sense-objects, and four great elements — these are the fourteen). [These are constituted] by virtue of the atoms (*paramāṇu*, 極微) conceptually designated through mutual inclusion. If [analyzed] in terms of the inclusion of [dharma-]elements (*dhātu*, 界), [then:] in accordance with whatever elements are present in this aggregate, [the text] explains this [aggregate thus]…"