英語訳
【Right Page】
【Outside frame, upper right】182
【Outside frame, upper right horizontal】Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror — Great Elements and Derived Forms Chapter
【Outside frame, lower right horizontal】182
【Upper Section】
…as for all the items constituting the summation (*shè*, 攝) of that aggregate — if one relies on the "summation of non-separation" (*bù xiāng lí shè*, 不相離攝), then with respect to all aggregates, whether internal or external, in accordance with however many dharma-characteristics (*fǎ xiāng*, 法相) are obtainable within this aggregate, one explains that aggregate as the summation (*shè*) of that many items. This should be understood.
*Explanation*: The Chapter-Master [Kuìjī's] *Yújiā chāo* (瑜伽抄, "Notes on the Yogācārabhūmi") [fascicle 2, folio 5] says: "*Xiāng shè* (相攝, mutual inclusion) means inclusion in terms of substance (*tǐ*, 体) — each [item] includes itself through its own substance. *Jiè shè* (界攝, elemental inclusion) means contrasting substance with function (*yòng*, 用). *Bù xiāng lí shè* (不相離攝, inseparability-inclusion) means that substance and function are not separate from each other. (End of notes text.)"
Now, [when the text] says "stone, *maṇi* (摩尼宝珠, gemstone), etc." — this clarifies the multiplicity or paucity of aggregates in terms of *bù xiāng lí shè* (inseparability-inclusion). Hence the text of the treatise [folio 3 recto] says: "There are aggregates in which only one great element (*mahābhūta*, 大種) is obtainable — as in stone, *maṇi* (gemstone), pearls, lapis lazuli, conch-shell [ornaments], jade, coral, and so forth; or in ponds, marshes, ditches, canals, rivers, and streams; or in flames of fire and burning lamps and candles; or in wind-wheels of the four directions and in dusty (*yǒu chén*, 有塵) and dust-free (*wú chén*, 無塵) winds, etc. (End of treatise text.)"
*Explanation*: The treatise broadly enumerates fourteen current instances (*xiàn shì*, 現事). Here in this chapter, eight instances are briefly enumerated: (1) stone; (2) *maṇi* gemstone — these two are exclusively the earth-element (*pṛthvī-dhātu*, 地大); (3) rivers; (4) ponds and marshes — these two are exclusively the water-element (*ap-dhātu*, 水大); (5) flames; (6) lamps and candles — these two are exclusively the fire-element (*tejo-dhātu*, 火大); (7) dusty wind; (8) dust-free wind — these two are exclusively the wind-element (*vāyu-dhātu*, 風大).
As for "dusty wind (*yǒu chén fēng*, 有塵風), etc." — the *Zá xīn lùn* (雑心論, *Abhidharmahṛdaya-śāstra*) fascicle nine [folio 27] says: "What is the difference between wind (*fēng*, 風) and the wind-element (*fēng jiè*, 風界)? One explanation says: wind is precisely the wind-element (*fēng zhǒng*, 風種), since [the word *fēng*] is not a conventional (*shìjiān*, 世間) designation. Another explanation says: this too is a conventional designation. Dusty wind is a [thing] of this type. (End of treatise text.)" Furthermore, in the *Rénwáng jīng* (仁王経, *Sūtra of Benevolent Kings*), five-colored winds are mentioned. The commentary (*shū*, 疏) on that scripture says: "On the seashore there are sands of five colors. When a great wind arises, the sand flies along with the wind. People in the world all call this 'five-colored wind.'" Things of this sort are here called "dusty wind."
【Lower Section】
From the text "or only two great elements" to "or all four great elements together": "Like the heated *maṇi* gemstone (*rè mónī*, 熱摩尼), etc." — the original text of the treatise [folio 3 recto] says: "There are aggregates in which two great elements are obtainable — as in snow, moist tree leaves, flowers, fruits, etc., or in a heated *maṇi* gemstone, etc. There are aggregates in which three great elements are obtainable — as in a heated tree, or in [something] swaying and moving. There are aggregates in which four great elements are obtainable — that is, within internal (*adhyātma*, 内) form-aggregates — as the Blessed One (*bhagavān*, 薄伽梵) has taught: Within each individual inner body, hair, body-hair, and so forth down to excrement are the inner earth-element (*adhyātma-pṛthvī-dhātu*, 内地界); urine and so forth are the inner water-element; the warmth and so forth present within the body is the inner fire-element; the upward-moving winds and so forth are the inner wind-element. Likewise, if such a characteristic is obtainable in this aggregate, one explains that characteristic as being present; if it is not obtainable, one explains that characteristic as being absent. (End of treatise text.)"
*Explanation*: "Heated *maṇi* gemstone" — the heat is precisely the fire-element, and the substance of the *maṇi* gemstone is hard, which is precisely the earth-element. "Snow and moist tree" — snow and moisture are precisely the water-element; the substance of the tree is hard and firm, which is the earth-element. The rest can be understood by analogy.
*Question*: According to the Mahāyāna school, within the heated *maṇi* gemstone, [that substance] already does not possess the nature of heat, etc. How is it then that at a later time it transforms into something hot, etc.?
*Response*: In truth, the producing [great elements] (*néng zào*, 能造) arise from their seeds moment by moment, each separately. Therefore, at the later time of heat, etc., [those elements] are not the former earth-element, etc. In other words, the *maṇi* gemstone that was not yet heated arises together from a single earth-element seed, and then — at the later stage of transformation — it suddenly arises from the seeds of four [or fire] great elements. However, in this [treatise] passage, based on the observable appearance (*xiàn xíng xiāng zhuàng*, 現行相状), it is [described as if] similar to — and so it is explained as — the former *maṇi* transforming into the present heated [state]. This is because within consciousness, having those seeds, [consciousness] immediately gives rise [to those forms] upon meeting [the appropriate] conditions.
The *Yoga* [*cārabhūmi*] fascicle fifty-four [folio 13 verso] says: "What is 'arising from seeds' (*zhǒng zǐ shēng*, 種子生)? That is, all forms (*rūpa*, 色) each arise from their own seeds. For example, a hard and solid aggregate, upon meeting [appropriate] conditions, gives rise to a flowing and moist [state];
【Left Page】
【Outside frame, upper left】183
【Outside frame, upper left horizontal】Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror — Great Elements and Derived Forms Chapter
【Outside frame, lower left horizontal】183
【Upper Section】
the flowing and moist [state], upon meeting conditions, again gives rise to hardness and solidity. And then [the text] goes on to say: Through such [processes] as these, although [things] have no fixed self-characteristics (*svalakaṇa*, 自相), they do have their own element-type (*jiè*, 界, genus/lineage). What is called 'arising from seeds' is the differentiated arising of each and every kind of form-dharma (*rūpa-dharma*, 色法) from its respective aggregate."
From the text "or only form (*rūpa*) is present" to "when the vessel (*qì*, 器, object) has sound": What follows clarifies separately the increases and decreases of the produced (*suǒ zào*, 所造) [forms]. Here the chapter-author, relying on the *Duìfǎ lùn* (*Abhidharmasamuccaya*, 対法論) and the *Yoga* [*cārabhūmi*] fascicle fifty-four, etc., explains the increases and decreases of the produced [forms]. The *Yoga* [*cārabhūmi*] fascicle three does not contain this explanation. After the *Duìfǎ lùn* fascicle six [folio 9 verso] has explained the increases and decreases of the producing [great elements], it says: "The produced forms are likewise. Some aggregates have only one produced form, such as light (etc.). ... Or some [aggregates] have four produced forms, such as a lump of granulated sugar (*shātáng tuán*, 沙糖團), etc. Or some [aggregates] have five produced forms — that is, [the same aggregate] when it has sound. As extensively explained there."
*Explanation*: Even when the producing [great elements] are all present together, they are not necessarily in the same location. Therefore, the increases and decreases of the produced [forms] are explained separately. This is because things such as sunlight (*rì guāng*, 日光) and solitary-moving incense (*gū xíng xiāng*, 孤行香) [a type of fragrance] are separated from the [matrix of] great elements; and the forms of precepts in the path of concentration (*samādhi-mārga-śīla*, 定道戒) arising in the formless realm (*ārūpyadhātu*, 無色界) have no four great elements.
If that is so, how do the great elements have the function (*yì*, 義) of a *yī yīn* (依因, "foundational cause/basis-cause") with respect to the produced forms?
*Response*: As long as there is a [situational] dependency (*shì yī*, 勢依) on them, all [forms] have a basis-cause (*yī yīn*, 依因). As extensively explained in the Chapter-Master [Kuìjī's] *Yoga zhāng* (瑜伽章) [fascicle 2, initial left folio].
"If there is taste and touch, there must also be fragrance and form (*rūpa*, 色)" — although the form-realm (*rūpadhātu*, 色界) has touch, it does not necessarily have fragrance. Here [the text] relies on the desire-realm (*kāmadhātu*, 欲界), so there is no contradiction. "Or only four [types] are present, etc." — among the five sense-objects (*pañcaviṣaya*, 五塵), excluding sound (*śabda*, 声), the remaining four: form (*rūpa*, 色), fragrance (*gandha*, 香), taste (*rasa*, 味), and tangibility (*spraṣṭavya*, 触).
From the text "or there is the body-faculty (*kāyendriya*, 身根)" to "when sound is present [the total] is seven": The *Zuǎn* (纂, *Yujiā lùn zuǎn*, Kuìjī's compendium on the *Yogācārabhūmi*) reformulates this passage and says: "In aggregates that have faculties (*indriya*, 根), when [the aggregate] is apart from the positions of the other faculties (*gēn chù*, 根処), six arise together (*jù shēng*, 俱生): namely, the four of form (*rūpa*), etc., together with body-faculty (*kāyendriya*, 身根) and earth-element (*pṛthvī-dhātu*, 地大).
【Lower Section】
When there are other faculty-positions present, seven arise together — because one of the [faculties] such as the eye-faculty (*cakṣurindriya*, 眼根), etc., is added." [The *Zuǎn*] then critiques the chapter-author saying: "Within aggregates that have faculties, there is no situation of being 'without great elements'; therefore one cannot say '[body-faculty aggregates have] five, [others have] six.'"
Now, responding in defense: Even if the producing [great elements] are all present together, among their produced [forms], the indeterminate quantity (*liàng*, 量) — whether one, two, or up to seven — is what is being made manifest. In clarifying these differences, and in order to display the quantity, [the chapter] says "[body-faculty aggregates have] five, [others have] six." That is, precisely in order to show that within aggregates possessing faculties there must be great elements present together (*jù*, 倶), [the chapter] then in the following passage again says: "As with the produced forms above: when [the aggregate has] body-faculty, adding earth [makes] six; ... adding sound makes eleven." Therefore the chapter-author's explanation accords with and is in harmony with the deep purport. The text is [as] deep [as] the sea of meaning — how could one of shallow wisdom not be confused?
From the text "as with the produced forms above" to "adding sound makes eleven": The following third [section] clarifies the characteristic of increases and decreases in which the producing [elements] and produced [forms] are mutually non-separating (*bù xiāng lí*, 不相離). "As with the produced forms above" — this is a quotation and restatement (*dié*, 牒) of what was explained above.
"When [the aggregate has] the body-faculty (*kāyendriya*, 身根), adding earth [makes] six" — in the preceding separate explanation, "or [there is] the body-faculty together with the four of form (*rūpa*), etc." clarified only the characteristic of five items arising together within produced form-aggregates possessing faculties when separated from the positions of the other faculties, without separately clarifying the characteristic of arising together with the producing [elements]. Now [the text] points to that [earlier passage]; hence it says "when [the aggregate has] body-faculty, adding earth [makes] six." Adding one of the faculties such as eye-faculty, etc., to these six makes seven; hence [the text] says "adding eye, etc., makes seven." Adding one of the great elements among water, fire, and wind to these seven makes eight. Adding one of the great elements among water, fire, and wind to these eight makes nine. Adding one of the great elements among water, fire, and wind to these nine makes ten. Adding sound to these ten makes eleven.
In order to illuminate this meaning, [the *Yogācārabhūmi*] fascicle fifty-four [folio 8 recto] says: "Question: Within the form-aggregate (*rūpaskandha*, 色蘊), by how many items is the eye [-faculty] included? Answer: If one relies on *xiāng shè* (相攝, mutual inclusion), there is only one item — namely, the pure form (*viśuddha-rūpa*, 清浄色) upon which eye-consciousness (*cakṣur-vijñāna*, 眼識) depends. If [one relies on] …"