英語訳
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【Outside frame, upper right】184
【Outside frame, upper right horizontal】Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror — Great Elements and Derived Forms Chapter
【Outside frame, lower right horizontal】184
【Upper Section】
If one relies on the "summation of non-separation" (*bù xiāng lí shè*, 不相離攝), then there are seven items: namely, this eye[-faculty], together with the body[-faculty], the earth[-element], form (*rūpa*, 色), fragrance (*gandha*, 香), taste (*rasa*, 味), and tangibility (*spraṣṭavya*, 触). If one relies on "elemental summation" (*jiè shè*, 界攝), then there are ten items: namely the element-type (*jiè*, 界) of each of these seven items, together with the water-, fire-, and wind-element-types. Just as with the eye[-faculty], so too with the ear, nose, and tongue — one should understand that it is likewise. In the case of the body[-faculty], the four [faculties] such as the eye[-faculty] should be excluded. Why? Because [the body-faculty] is obtainable (*kě dé*, 可得) on its own, far removed from those [other faculties]. As for the external forms (*rūpa*), fragrances, tastes, and tangibles — in the scope of those [objects'] modes of functioning (*xíng xiāng*, 行相), all faculties are to be excluded, and all the rest should be understood as before. Since sound and the sound-element (*śabda-dhātu*, 声界) are not constantly present, if there is sound at any given location, one should understand that at that location there is one more item added. One should understand that the sound-element increases at every location [where sound occurs]. (End of treatise text.)
*Explanation*: The statement in this passage — "adding eye[-faculty], etc., makes seven, etc." — refers to an explanation based on the fifth of the ten types of summation (*shè*, 攝), namely the "summation of non-separation" (*bù xiāng lí shè*). Within this summation of non-separation, it is not the case that there are only seven items; there are also eight, nine, and ten items. However, in the treatise text, only the one case of seven items is provisionally indicated.
*Question*: The ten items within the summation of non-separation — are they the same as or different from the ten items within the elemental summation (*jiè shè*)?
*Response*: The ten items within the summation of non-separation are explained only in terms of manifest [phenomena] (*xiàn*, 現行). The ten items within the elemental summation are explained only in terms of seeds (*zhǒng*, 種子). Hence there is a distinction between the two.
From the text "separated from the wheel's light (*lí lún guāng*, 離輪光), etc." to "constituting their greater or lesser number": "Separated from the wheel's light, etc." — the word "etc." (*děng*, 等) encompasses [phenomena such as] sounds separated from a physical substrate (*lí zhì*, 離質), solitary-moving fragrances (*gū xíng xiāng*, 孤行香), and the four sense-objects (*sì chén*, 四塵) and five sense-objects (*wǔ chén*, 五塵) of external vessels (*wài qì*, 外器, i.e., external physical objects). In what was explained above, [the discussion] moved away from the explanation of form-aggregates possessing faculties (*yǒu gēn jù*, 有根聚) and illustrated the explanation of form-aggregates not possessing faculties (*wú gēn jù*, 無根聚) by analogy; hence the word "etc." (*děng*) is indicated in order to explain them by analogy. The [*Yogācārabhūmi*] fascicle fifty-four [folio 16 verso] says: "Separated from the radiance of the wheel, the great elements, fragrance, etc., are all non-obtainable (*bù kě dé*, 不可得)."
*Explanation*: This passage explains that there is no direct production (*qīn zào*, 親造). If it is a case of indirect production (*shū yuǎn zào*, 疎遠造), then there are also great elements. From this one should know —
【Lower Section】
— that the light and fragrance separated from [their physical] substrate (*lí zhì*, 離質), along with sound, etc., are produced by the four great elements of the location where they originate (*fā chù*, 発処). Taking the case of light, etc. as an example: since [light] is generated and drawn forth from the fire-element within the original wheel [of the lamp or sun], it is produced by the great elements of its original location (*běn chù*, 本処). Non-substrate [phenomena], too, should be understood by analogy with this — all are produced by the great elements of their original location. Since there are increases and decreases among the great elements of the original location, the great [elements] that produce light, etc., also have increases and decreases. Hence [the text] says "in accordance with what is appropriate, the four great elements increase so as to constitute their greater or lesser number." The sense-objects (*chén*, 塵) of external vessel[-worlds], etc., can likewise be understood by analogy.
From the text "as explained in [fascicle] sixty-four" to "that dharma is non-existent": Upon examining [the *Yogācārabhūmi*] fascicle sixty-four, there is no such passage at all. It is only in fascicle fifty-four that this passage is found. Hence that fascicle [folio 13 recto] says: "Furthermore, if within this accumulation of forms (*rūpa-saṃcaya*, 色積聚), the self-characteristic (*svalakṣaṇa*, 自相) of that great element and of the derived form (*bhautika*, 所造色) is obtainable, one should understand that that dharma exists within this [aggregate]. If the self-characteristic of that dharma is not obtainable at this location at all, one should understand that at this location that dharma does not exist. This is called the overall establishment (*jiàn lì*, 建立) of the characteristic of existence and non-existence (*yǒu fēi yǒu*, 有非有). (End of treatise text.)" Now [the chapter] points to precisely this. Hence one knows that [the character] "six" (*liù*, 六) in "[fascicle] sixty-four" is an error. This is [a passage] that quotes the text in order to provide an overall proof of the above-explained characteristics of the increases and decreases of the producing [great elements] and the produced [forms].
From the text "unlike the other schools" to "all as explained there": This [section] differentiates [the present view] from other schools (*yú zōng*, 余宗). According to the Mahāyāna (*dà shèng*, 大乗), among what is obtainable within an aggregate, everything that is applicable (*suí yìng*, 隨應) is present; among what is non-obtainable within an aggregate, both great elements and derived forms are entirely absent. According to the Hīnayāna Sarvāstivāda (*sā pó duō*, 薩婆多) school, etc., [the situation is explained] in terms of the inherent (*xìng*, 性) four great elements — that is, even in aggregates where [a given element] is non-obtainable, [they hold that] all [four great elements] are present. Taking the example of stone, etc.: while the earth-element predominates by being enhanced, it does not mean that the other three [elements] are absent [in their view]. The reason for this is that the nature (*xìng*, 性) of all the atomic particles (*paramāṇu*, 極微) pervades all things.
The *Mahāvibhāṣā-śāstra* (毘婆沙論) fascicle one hundred twenty-seven [folio 7 recto] says: "Question: Are these four great elements (*mahābhūta*, 四大種) not separate from one another at all times? Answer: That is so. How is this known? As stated in the *Garbhāvakrānti-sūtra* (入胎経, *Sūtra on Entering the Womb*): The Buddha told Ānanda (*kìng xǐ*, 慶喜): 'In the initial *kalala* (羯邏藍, the earliest embryonic stage): if there were an earth-element but no water-element, [the embryo] would dry up and scatter. That it does not scatter now is because water gathers (*shè*, 攝) it. If there were a water-element but no earth-element, [the embryo] would flow and spread. That it does not flow now is because earth supports (*chí*, 持) it. If there were an earth-element but no fire-element, [the embryo] would putrefy and decompose. That it does not decompose now is because fire heats (*rè*, 熱) it. If there were the three elements but no wind-element, [the embryo] would not grow and develop. That it grows and develops now is because wind moves (*dòng*, 動) it.' (End of treatise text.)"
[The *Yogācārabhūmi*] fascicle fifty-four [folio 13 verso] refutes this [Sarvāstivāda] view and says: "If someone says, 'Although the self-characteristic of that dharma is not obtainable at this location, it must nevertheless be present there,' — one should now put the following question to that person: Is what is non-obtainable and what is obtainable equal or unequal as [measurable] quantities (*wù*, 物)? — [In response, consider:] If the quantities are equal (*děng*, 等), the quantities are already equal, so the fact of non-obtainability is unreasonable (*bù yìng dào lǐ*, 不應道理). If they are not equal: does one say that these quantities are unequal [in terms of the thing itself], or does one say they are unequal based on [their] efficacious potency (*wēi shì*, 威勢)? If one says they are unequal in this very [same] quantity, then even a partial (*shǎo fēn*, 少分) self-characteristic would also be non-obtainable, which is unreasonable. If one says [they] are unequal by relying on efficacious potency, then [it would mean that] apart from the self-characteristic there is some other efficacious potency — but that, too, is non-obtainable, and hence unreasonable. (End of treatise text.)" Now, relying on that text, [the chapter] expounds the meaning of the Mahāyāna, and so says "unlike the other schools, etc." Within fascicle fifty-four, in the exposition of the form-aggregate (*rūpaskandha*, 色蘊), there are many questions and answers; but among those concerning the producing [great elements] and produced [forms], there are altogether eight questions and answers. One should examine the treatise and look into this. [The chapter] now points to precisely this, and so says "all the various extensive questions and answers are
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【Outside frame, upper left】185
【Outside frame, upper left horizontal】Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror — Great Elements and Derived Forms Chapter
【Outside frame, lower left horizontal】185
【Upper Section】
as explained there."
From the text "[what is] explained here regarding characteristics" to "as explained in the third fascicle": "[What is] explained here regarding characteristics, etc." — the [*Yogācārabhūmi*] fascicle fifty-four [folio 7 recto] explains ten types of summation (*shè*, 攝):
(1) *Jiè shè* (界攝, elemental summation) — the various aggregates (*skandha*, 蘊), etc., are included by their own respective seeds (*bīja*, 種子).
(2) *Xiāng shè* (相攝, characteristic summation) — the various aggregates, etc., are included by their own particular characteristic (*svalakṣaṇa*, 自相) and common characteristic (*sāmānya-lakṣaṇa*, 共相).
(3) *Zhǒng lèi shè* (種類攝, type-summation) — the various aggregates, etc., are included throughout their own kind/type (*zhǒng lèi*, 種類).
(4) *Fēn wèi shè* (分位攝, positional-phase summation) — the various aggregates, etc., are included by the phase (*fēn wèi*, 分位) corresponding to pleasant feeling (*sukha-vedanā*, 楽受), etc.
(5) *Bù xiāng lí shè* (不相離攝, summation of non-separation) — the various aggregates, etc., through each and every dharma together with their various companions (*zhù bàn*, 助伴, co-arising dharmas), include all aggregates, etc.
(6) *Shí shè* (時攝, temporal summation) — the various aggregates, etc., of the past, future, and present each mutually include one another.
(7) *Fāng shè* (方攝, directional summation) — the various aggregates, etc., [are included in] the direction in which they occur and function, or in which they arise in dependence.
(8) *Quán shè* (全攝, total summation) — the various aggregates, etc., are included by the totality of the five [aggregates], etc.
(9) *Shǎo fēn shè* (少分攝, partial summation) — the various aggregates, etc., are included by their respective differentiated partial [aspects].
(10) *Shèng yì shè* (勝義攝, ultimate summation) — the various aggregates, etc., are included by the characteristic of suchness (*tathatā*, 真如). (End of treatise text.)
Now, when [the chapter] says "the characteristics explained here," this refers to the second type: the characteristic summation (*xiāng shè*). When [the text says] "if one relies on the elemental summation (*jiè shè*)," this refers to the first type: the elemental summation. In the above-explained [discussion of] the co-presence and non-co-presence of the great elements (*mahābhūta*, 大種) and derived forms (*bhautika*, 造色): if explained in terms of the characteristic summation (*xiāng shè*), [a given element or derived form] may be either present or absent. If explained in terms of the elemental summation (*jiè shè*), all are present as applicable (*suí yìng*, 隨應). Hence, in [the *Yogācārabhūmi*] fascicle three, within the explanation of the presence and absence of great elements and derived forms: "If the characteristic (*lakṣaṇa*, 相) of that [element] is obtainable within this aggregate, one explains that characteristic as present (*yǒu*, 有). If it is not obtainable, one explains that characteristic as absent (*wú*, 無). Sound — within all form-aggregates — is explained as present based on the elemental [summation] (*jiè*, 界), but [whether it is present or absent] in terms of the characteristic [summation] (*xiāng*, 相) is indeterminate. (End of treatise text.)"
*Explanation*: "Characteristic (*xiāng*, 相)" here means the characteristic summation (*xiāng shè*). "Elemental (*jiè*, 界)" means the elemental summation (*jiè shè*). The *Yoga* [*cārabhūmi*] treatise fascicle three [folio 2 verso] relies on the first elemental summation (*jiè shè*), the second characteristic summation (*xiāng shè*), and the fifth summation of non-separation (*bù xiāng lí shè*) to explain the increases and decreases of the great elements and derived forms…