英語訳
【Right Page】
【Outside frame, upper right】186
【Outside frame, upper right horizontal】Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror — Great Elements and Derived Forms Chapter
【Outside frame, lower right horizontal】186
【Upper Section】
…[to explain] the characteristics of the increases and decreases [of the great elements and derived forms]. Now [the chapter] points to precisely this, and hence says "extensively as explained in the third fascicle of that treatise." With regard to "relying on the elemental summation (*jiè shè*)," one might well misread this passage as referring to the three-realm summation [i.e., the summation of the desire realm, etc.]. Hence [the chapter] now quotes this passage to illuminate its meaning more broadly. This passage is deeply obscure, and [the reader] should expend considerable effort [in understanding it].
From the text "[as] explained in [fascicle] sixty-three" to "hence one should briefly stop here": This explains, based on the three realms (desire realm, form realm, and formless realm), the characteristics of the presence and absence of the great elements and derived forms. Some versions of the chapter text read "as explained in sixty-three"; other versions read "as explained in sixty-two." The *Zuan* (*Dharmapāla*'s compendium) likewise reads "sixty-two." All of these are errors. Upon investigation, [the *Yogācārabhūmi*] fascicles sixty-three and sixty-two contain no such passage at all. Only in fascicle sixty-six is this passage to be found. For this reason, [Kuiji,] the chapter's author, also quotes fascicle sixty-six in the *Duifa chao* (對法抄), fascicle one [fascicle two, folio 14 recto].
The *Yogācārabhūmi* (Yoga treatise) fascicle sixty-six [folio 11 verso] says: "Furthermore, within a form-aggregate (*rūpa-saṃcaya*) that is entirely solid [i.e., dominated by the earth-element], there is only the functioning action (*kāritva*, 業用, causal efficacy) of the earth-element. Within the desire realm, there is also the functioning action of the form-, fragrance-, and taste-elements. Within the form realm, there is only the functioning action of the form-element [of that realm]. The remaining water, fire, and wind [elements], as well as the sound-element, exist only as seeds [latently] following along [with the other dharmas], and only when they obtain another condition (*pratyaya*, 緣) can they perform their function. (End of treatise text.)"
*Explanation*: "In the desire realm, the earth-element is present, and also the form (*rūpa*), fragrance, and taste [elements]; in the form realm, only the form-element is present" — although touch (*spraṣṭavya*, 触) is also present in the desire realm and the form realm, the derived (*bhautika*) touch has no separate substance (*svabhāva*, 体) apart from the great elements; hence it is not discussed separately. Therefore, within the desire realm, only form, fragrance, and taste are indicated. In the form realm, only form is listed, and the tangible sense-object (*spraṣṭavya-viṣaya*, 触塵) is not discussed. "The remaining water, fire, and wind [elements], as well as the sound-element, exist only as seeds following along [with the other dharmas], and await another condition before being able to perform their function" — this is like how iron, upon encountering the condition of fire, flows and becomes [liquid like] water, or how, upon meeting a condition that heats [something], fire and similar [elements] are added. From "the form realm, [having] removed fragrance and taste (*xiāng wèi*, 香味)" onwards is additional commentary (*jiā shì*, 加釈) by the chapter's author, not treatise text. Regarding the formless realm:
【Lower Section】
"forms, in accordance with what is applicable, are said to be obtainable there" — within the formless realm (*ārūpyadhātu*, 無色界), there is no form produced by karmic action (*karmaja-rūpa*, 業果色); there is only form produced by meditative absorption (*samādhija-rūpa*, 定果色). This is explained in terms of manifest [phenomena] (*xiàn*, 現行). If explained in terms of the elemental [summation] (*jiè*), the great elements and derived forms produced by karma are all present as applicable. Hence [the text] says "in accordance with what is applicable, [those dharmas] are said to be obtainable."
From the text "Question: In the desire realm..." to "...does not dwell in a separate place" — this is the second question. This question and its answer both come from the *Yogācārabhūmi* fascicle fifty-four [folio 22 verso]. However, the answer has two parts: first, the passage from fascicle fifty-four is indicated; and what follows from "originating within the *ālayavijñāna*" (本識) onward is additional commentary by the chapter's author. The following is [an explanation of] the first part of the text.
The *Yogācārabhūmi* fascicle fifty-four says: "Furthermore, for one dwelling in the desire realm, who, while depending on a desire-realm body, causes the form-realm great elements to arise — when those great elements manifest, how do they coexist with the forms of the lower realm? Do they dwell in a separate place, or not in a separate place? One should say: like water [dwelling] in sand — they do not dwell in a separate place. (End of treatise text.)"
*Explanation*: Master Jing (*Jìng*, 景) says: "The forms of the desire realm are coarse and dispersed (*shū*, 疎), and the form-realm great elements supplement [them] and dwell within the body — like water entering sand, [such that] the location does not differ. However, because there is a distinction (*bié*, 別) in nature and kind (*xìng lèi*, 性類), it is not [a case of] non-separation in the same location (*tóng chù bù xiāng lí*, 同処不相離). That [analogy of water and sand] represents the meaning of non-separation through mutual mixing (*xiāng zá bù xiāng lí*, 相雑不相離). However, non-separation through mutual mixing applies mostly to [forms that are] of the same realm from beginning to end — the retributive (*vipāka*, 報) forms and the nutritive (*āhārajā*, 長養) forms of the same aggregate. These form-realm forms dwell within a desire-realm body; hence this is not the meaning of that [mutual mixing] non-separation. (End of master's text.)"
Master Fan (*Fàn*, 範) says: "In the *Yogācārabhūmi* fascicle fifty-four, where [it says that] the four great elements of the three realms dwell together, etc., the use of water and sand as an analogy corresponds to (*xiāng yìng*, 相應) the 'aggregation correspondence' (*jùjí xiāngyìng*, 聚集相應) of the *Abhidharma* [treatise — folio 4, folio 16 verso], and their meanings are similar. (End of master's text.)"
Furthermore, the *Mahāvibhāṣā-śāstra* (毘婆沙論) fascicle one hundred thirty-four [folio 10 verso] says: "Question: When one who is born in the desire realm has form-realm great elements manifesting before them (*xiàn zài qián*, 現在前), where do they manifest? Some say: between the eyebrows. Some say: at the tip of the nose. Some say: at the edge of the heart.
【Left Page】
【Outside frame, upper left】187
【Outside frame, upper left horizontal】Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror — Great Elements and Derived Forms Chapter
【Outside frame, lower left horizontal】187
【Upper Section】
Some say: at the edge of [the 𦠕?]. Some say: at the toes. Another master says: the great elements of the desire realm are coarse; the great elements of the form realm are fine. The fine [elements] enter into the interstices of the coarse [elements] — like oil entering sand. (End of treatise text.)"
The current Mahāyāna interpretation corresponds to the sixth view [i.e., the last master's explanation]. The forms of the desire realm are coarse and dispersed (*shū*, 疎); since the form-realm great elements supplement [them] and dwell within the body, [the text] says "the fine enter into the interstices of the coarse, etc."
From the text "originating within the *ālayavijñāna* (*běn shí*, 本識)..." to "hence they do not dwell separately" — what follows is the chapter author's text, not the treatise text. "There are two types of seeds (*zhǒng*, 種) within the *ālayavijñāna*, etc." — "*zhǒng*" here means "type/kind" (*zhǒng lèi*, 種類), not "seeds" (*bīja*, 種子) in the technical sense. "Pure arising (*chún shēng*, 純生) and mixed arising (*zá shēng*, 雑生)": The *Shū yào* (樞要, *Vijñaptimātratāsiddhiśāstra* Key Points) lower volume [lower (end), folio 50 verso] says: "In interpreting the meaning of pure and mixed (*chún zá*, 純雑): [this distinction] arises from the difference in [relative] increase and decrease (*zēng shǎo*, 増少). One explains only in terms of the direct [or primary] aspect-image (*qīn xiāng fēn*, 親相分). If one relies on [the distinction between] reflected-image (*yǐng*, 影) and physical substrate (*zhì*, 質), the explanation is again different. Among [direct] reflected-images, what is transformed by [the consciousness of] its own realm (*zì dì biàn*, 自地変) is pure (*chún*); what is drawn in by [meditative] power (*tōng lì*, 通力) is mixed (*zá*). Among cases not involving such power, the manifest [phenomena] (*xiàn*, 現行) of the eighth [consciousness] are pure, while cognizing seeds (*zhǒng*, 種子) is mixed. (End of the *Shū yào* text.)"
*Explanation*: Among direct aspect-images (*qīn xiāng fēn*): if the object (*ālaṃbana*, 境) and the mind are of the same nature and the same realm, this is called "pure" (*chún*). The opposite of this is called "mixed" (*zá*). Among the aspect-images (*xiāng fēn*) of the eighth [consciousness]: what is transformed by [the consciousness of] its own realm is pure. What is drawn in by meditative power is mixed. Among cases not involving meditative power: if the eighth consciousness cognizes manifest-phenomenon objects (*xiàn xíng jìng*, 現行境), this is called "pure" — because it cognizes [objects of] its own realm. If it cognizes seeds (*bīja*, 種子), this is called "mixed" — because [seeds] pervade the three realms. Now, in this chapter, [the author] provisionally explains pure and mixed in terms of the first meaning [i.e., cognizing according to one's own realm vs. being drawn from another realm]. For one whose body is in the desire realm to cause upper-realm great elements to arise must necessarily be through being drawn by the power of meditation (*samādhi*); hence it is called "mixed arising" (*zá shēng*). To transform the great [elements] of the desire realm, since this is a transformation by [the consciousness of] its own realm, it is called "pure arising" (*chún shēng*). When drawing in those four great elements of the form realm and causing [them] to arise, the great elements of pure arising of the desire realm's own realm cease, and the great elements of mixed arising drawn by the form-realm meditation arise. Because the forms of the desire realm are coarse and dispersed (*shū*), the form-realm great elements supplement [them] and dwell within the body — like water entering sand; the location does not differ. Hence [they] "do not dwell separately" (*fēi yì zhù*, 非異住).
*Question*: Within the desire-realm body, do the form-realm great elements come and enter into pre-existing interstices (*jiàn xì*, 間隙)?
*Explanation*: Master Guangjing (*Guāngjǐng*, 光景法師, i.e., Master Guang[jing]) says: "That is not so. The future (*lái*, 未来) desire-realm body has two kinds of its own: (1) those with only desire-realm great elements; and (2) those mixed with form-realm great elements. When one encounters the condition of entering a form-realm meditative absorption (*dhyāna*, 定), the [body of the] type with only desire-realm great elements immediately ceases, and the [body of the type in which] the form realm is mixed immediately arises. Hence one cannot say that there are pre-existing interstices into which [the form-realm great elements] subsequently come to dwell. This is as explained in Master Guang[jing]'s commentary on the *Abhidharmakośa* (*Koshā-ronshō*, 倶舎論疏), fascicle nine. The meaning of 'pure and mixed' stated here is also the same as that [explanation]."
*Question*: Does this meaning of pure and mixed apply only to the fundamental consciousness (*ālayavijñāna*, 本識), or does it also extend to the other consciousnesses?
*Explanation*: It also extends to the other consciousnesses. Hence the *Shū yào* says: "Within the seventh consciousness (*manas*, 第七識), one can speak of the pure and mixed of reflected-images (*yǐng*, 影), since the reflected-image explains its nature in terms of both the perceiving part (*darśana-bhāga*, 見分) and the physical substrate (*zhì*, 質). The five sense-consciousnesses: [cognition of] good and evil is mixed; [cognition of the] neutral mind (*avyākṛtacitta*, 無記心) is pure. For the sixth [consciousness], those arising together with the five [sense-consciousnesses], etc., all pervade [the distinction]; one should reflect on this."
*Question*: By what means can one know that transformation by one's own realm is pure, while being drawn by the power of meditation is mixed?
*Explanation*: The *Shū yào* says: "Furthermore, there are separately [the following pairs of opposites]: non-resistant (*nirāvaraṇa*, 無対) vs. [resistant]; conditioned (*saṃskṛta*, 有為) vs. unconditioned (*asaṃskṛta*, 無為); defiled (*sāsrava*, 有漏) vs. undefiled (*anāsrava*, 無漏); and object-conditions of one's own realm vs. another's realm (*zì jiè tā jiè yuán*, 自界他界縁). [From these] contemplate pure and mixed. (End of the *Shū yào* text.)"
*Explanation*: In this chapter, [the author] provisionally relies on the "object-conditions of one's own realm vs. another's realm" (*zì jiè tā jiè yuán duì*, 自界他界縁対) to explain the meaning of pure and mixed. Hence one knows: transformation by one's own realm is pure; being drawn by meditative power is mixed. This meaning of mixed and pure is extensively explained in the *Weishi shu* (唯識疏, Commentary on the *Vijñaptimātratāsiddhi*), fascicle ten [fascicle 10 (7), folio 17 recto].
From the text "According to one interpretation (*yǒu yì*, 有義), this is..." to "hence the gate of accordance (*suí shùn mén*, 随順門)" — within the two explanations in the answer, this is the second master's interpretation. It is unclear which master this is. This master explains: "The *Yogācārabhūmi* fascicle fifty-four says, '[Like] water dwelling in sand — not dwelling in a separate place.' In this passage, because there is a distinction (*bié*, 別) in nature and kind (*xìng lèi*, 性類), it is not [a case of] non-separation in the same location (*tóng chù bù xiāng lí*). [The claim] that 'it (the water-and-sand analogy) represents the meaning of non-separation through mutual mixing (*xiāng zá bù xiāng lí*) [as asserted by Master Jing]' — [rather, this position holds that] this passage in fascicle fifty-four is [precisely] a 'gate of accordance with principle' (*suí shùn lǐ mén*, 随順理門). The reason for this is: within [the framework of]...