英語訳
【Right Page】
【Outside frame, upper right】188
【Outside frame, upper right horizontal】Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror — Great Elements and Derived Forms Chapter
【Outside frame, lower right horizontal】188
【Upper Section】
Within the forms (*rūpa*) produced (*bhautika*, 所造) by a single great element, upon analysis there are found to be many ultimate atoms (*paramāṇu*, 極微), dwelling in positions that differ from one another to the east and west, while at the same time dwelling closely intermixed. This is called "the meaning of being intermixed yet not intermixed (*xiāng zá bù xiāng zá*, 相雑不相雑)." This meaning is similar in import to the Sarvāstivādin (*sǎpódù*, 薩婆多) position and others that "the ultimate atoms are individually distinct, coexist as a single aggregate yet are separate in substance, dwelling in two distinct locations." Hence [the text] says that this constitutes "a gate of accordance with principle (*suí shùn lǐ mén*, 随順理門)."
In the present Mahāyāna (*dà chéng*, 大乗) school, when form-realm great elements and so forth are caused to arise within a desire-realm body, all of this is [to be understood as] "the meaning of non-separation within the same location (*tóng chù bù xiāng lí*, 同処不相離)." As for "like great elements of dissimilar kinds (*yì lèi dà*, 異類大)": this introduces an analogy to explain [the point]. For example, consider the great element within [a particular] form (*rūpa*), and the great element within [a particular] fragrance (*gandha*). When these two are compared, although their kinds (*lèi*, 類) differ, they are in the same single location and interpenetrate (*shè rù*, 渉入) each other. This is the meaning of non-separation within the same location. One should likewise understand that the four great elements of the three realms dwell together in one location without separation. As for "the two [types of] forms in this (*cǐ èr zhī sè*, 此二之色) etc.": these two classes of form belonging to the upper realm and the lower realm are from the very beginning without mutual obstruction (*xiāng ài*, 相礙). Why would they require a gap (*jiàn gé*, 間隔) in order to dwell separately? Therefore, to say of these two forms that they are "intermixed without being separated, rather than non-separated within the same location" represents the gate of accordance [with the Sarvāstivādin principle], and not the Mahāyāna doctrine.
From the text "Question: The great elements and derived forms..." to "...is this the nature of non-resistance (*wú duì xìng*, 無対性)?" — This is the third question. Both this question and its answer come from the *Yogācārabhūmi* (*Yoga* treatise) fascicle fifty-four. Hence that text says: "Question: For what reason do all dharmas with resistance (*pratighāta*, 有対) dwell in the same single location without abandoning or separating [from each other], yet are not called 'of the nature of non-resistance (*anāvaraṇa*, 無対性)'? (End of treatise text.)"
*Explanation*: If one follows the treatise text, there should be two difficulties (*nán*, 難). Hence Master Jing (*Jǐng*, 景), in explaining the meaning of the difficulties, says: "By nature, dharmas that have obstructive resistance (*pratighāta*, 有対礙) are such that if one [occupies a location], there can be no second [one there]. How could it be that within the location of a single ultimate atom of the earth-element, other ultimate atoms penetrate mutually one into another in succession without the form (*rūpa*) thereby increasing and multiplying? This is the first difficulty. If within the location of a single ultimate atom there are other ultimate atoms that do not mutually obstruct each other,
【Lower Section】
then [those dharmas] would be the same as non-obstructed dharmas such as mind, etc. How then could they not be called 'of the nature of non-obstructive resistance (*wú duì ài xìng*, 無対礙性)'? This is the second difficulty. (End of master's text.)" Now in this chapter [the author] briefly indicates only the second difficulty, without citing the first. Hence [the text] says: "How is it that they are not said to be of the nature of non-resistance (*wú duì xìng*, 無対性)?"
From the text "Answer: They mutually accord..." to "...this also should be understood to be so": This is also treatise text. Hence that text says: "Answer: Because they [arise] in mutual accordance (*suí shùn*, 随順). By virtue of their turning (*zhuǎn*, 転) in mutual accordance with one another successively, they do not mutually obstruct (*fáng ài*, 妨礙). Moreover, because they are what is produced (*vipāka*, 感) through the predominant power (*ādhipatya*, 増上) of the karma of such a kind (*zhǒng lèi*, 種類), they arise in just this way. Why? Because all form-aggregates (*rūpa-saṃcaya*, 色聚) and all form-sense-faculties (*rūpīndriya*, 色根) together receive and use (*shòu yòng*, 受用) [the same objects]. ... and furthermore, there are forms which mutually obstruct each other in some locations, and do not mutually obstruct each other in other locations — such as the forms of the intermediate existence (*antarābhava*, 中有), and so forth. Yet those various forms are not of the nature of non-resistance (*anāvaraṇa*, 無対性). The principle in this context should likewise be understood to be so. (End of treatise text.)"
*Explanation*: The chapter's author (*Kuiji*), in his *Ga* [*Yoga*] *-shō* (伽抄, "Notes on the Yogācārabhūmi") [fascicle 14, folio 16], summarizes and briefly explains: "This is precisely because the various fragrances etc. are in extreme mutual accordance (*xiāng suí shùn*, 相随順) and do not mutually obstruct each other. (End of the *shō* text.)"
Master Jing says: "'Because [they arise] in mutual accordance, successively turning and mutually according with each other in arising, not mutually obstructing' — this responds to the first difficulty. That is to say, among the various forms (*rūpa*), those that are mutually opposed (*xiāng wéi*, 相違): each, with respect to its location, is such that if there is one [there], there cannot be another [of the same kind]. But if they mutually accord with each other, then within one [location] there can be many. Hence [the text] says 'because they mutually accord with each other in arising without obstructing each other.' Furthermore, 'because they are produced by the predominant power (*ādhipatya*) of this class of karma' — precisely because of karma, within the location of one dust-particle (*paramāṇu*, 塵) there are many ultimate atoms, and all the sense-faculties (*indriya*, 根) are pervading through them, receiving and using [them all] together — this explains the reason (*suǒ yǐ*, 所以). [The question of] how one can know that within the location of a single dust-particle there are many ultimate atoms is explained with the words 'because all form-aggregates and all form-sense-faculties together receive and use [them]':
【Left Page】
【Outside frame, upper left】189
【Outside frame, upper left horizontal】Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror — Great Elements and Derived Forms Chapter
【Outside frame, lower left horizontal】189
【Upper Section】
(End of passage.) This means: within all form-aggregates, selecting (*kè qǔ*, 課取) the very finest and smallest [unit], all the [various] sense-objects (*viṣaya*, 塵) are fully present [within it]. The eye sees that there is form (*rūpa*, 色) there; the nose smells that there is fragrance (*gandha*, 香) there; the tongue tastes that there is flavor (*rasa*, 味) there; the body feels that there is tangibility (*spraṣṭavya*, 触) there. Hence one knows that in every location of the great elements [i.e., in every smallest unit], all the various sense-objects are fully present. Hence [the text] says: 'Because all sense-faculties pervade through them and together [lit.: in the chapter text, 共 is written for 俱] receive and use [them all].' This completes the response to the first difficulty.
"Like the forms of the intermediate existence (*antarābhava*, 中有), etc. — although they have the nature of resistance (*pratighāta*, 有対性)..." — this responds to the second difficulty. Hence that text [folio 11 verso] says, "Furthermore, there are forms which mutually obstruct each other in some locations" — for example, two ultimate atoms of the earth-element, [or] two [of] form (*rūpa*), two [of] fragrance (*gandha*), two [of] tangibility (*spraṣṭavya*): even though [these are] sense-objects of the same nature (*tóng xìng*, 同性), they necessarily do not enter into each other and mutually obstruct each other. "In certain locations they do not mutually obstruct each other" — for example, if there is only one each of the earth[-element] and the four sense-objects [form, fragrance, flavor, and tangibility], then they do not obstruct each other [mutually]. "Like the forms of the intermediate existence (*antarābhava*)" — when [a being in the intermediate existence is] seeking its place of rebirth (*upapatti-sthāna*, 受生処), it passes directly through stone mountains without any obstruction. But when the intermediate-existence being attempts to pass [between other beings in intermediate existence], or enters the mother's womb, it may not be able to pass through — in that case there is obstruction (*āvaraṇa*, 礙). The various forms are likewise [of this nature]. Those various forms are not of the nature of non-resistance (*anāvaraṇa*, 無対性). This too is an explanation of the treatise text based on the intent of Master Jing. If one follows the chapter author (*Kuiji*) to explain the text, [the author] exclusively explains only the meaning of non-obstruction (*wú ài yì*, 無礙義), based solely on the dharma [itself] and the analogy [given]. One should understand [this] in accordance with the text.
From the text "Question: The great elements and derived forms..." to "...or do they dwell in intermixed disorder (*zá luàn*, 雑乱)?" — This is the fourth question. In the question-and-answer section of this [question], the question comes from the *Mahāvibhāṣā-śāstra* (婆沙論, 毘婆沙論) fascicle one hundred twenty-seven [folio 8 verso], while the answer comes from the *Yogācārabhūmi* fascicle sixty-six [folio 11 verso].
Hence the *Mahāvibhāṣā* says: "Question: How do the great elements and derived forms dwell? Do the great elements dwell below with the derived forms above? Do the great elements dwell above with the derived forms below? Do the great elements and derived forms dwell intermixed, with the great elements on the outside and the derived forms placed within [them]? Granting any of these, what fault follows? Each and every [alternative] has a fault. If the great elements are below and the derived forms are above, then among the derived forms, those near the great elements can [plausibly] take the great elements as their producing cause (*nénɡ zào yīn*, 能造因). But among the produced forms (*bhautika-rūpa*, 所造色), for those that are separated by distance, how can they take the great elements as their cause? If the great elements are above and the derived forms are below, then derived forms ought to be the cause of the great elements, and it would be wrong for the great elements to be the cause of derived forms. If the great elements and derived forms dwell intermixed, with the great elements below and the derived forms placed among [them], then when [this mixture] is cut apart, one should see various holes and interstices — like cutting a lotus root. (End of treatise text.)"
The same treatise then answers: "Some say: [the great elements] are below and serve as causes. This is because the basis dharmas (*suǒ yī fǎ*, 所依法) should be so. Question: If so, for forms that are closely adjacent, one can speak of [the great elements as] producing [them]. But for those that are separated by distance, how can [the great elements] produce [them]? Answer: [The text] does not say that all the great elements of an entire tree are [all concentrated] at its base, producing all the derived forms [of the tree]. Rather, [it] says that every individual part (*fēn fēn*, 分分) of a single tree has great elements below [it] and derived forms above [it]. Another view says: [the great elements and derived forms] dwell intermixed, with the great elements on the outside and the derived forms placed within. Question: If so, when cut apart one should see various holes and interstices, just like cutting a lotus root. Answer: Even though there are interstices, they cannot be seen, because the great elements are not visible [to the eye] (*sanyojana*, 有見). The interstices that are visible [to the eye] consist of derived forms. (End of treatise text.)"
*Explanation*: Now in this chapter [the author] only borrows the question [from the *Mahāvibhāṣā*] and does not use the answer given there. Hence in the answer section [of the chapter], only the Mahāyāna text is quoted.
From the text "As explained in [fascicle] sixty-five..." to "...aggregates of *maṇi* jewels etc." — This quotes the Mahāyāna text in order to answer the preceding question. This is the text from fascicle sixty-six of the *Yogācārabhūmi*. Upon examining all versions of the chapter text, they all read "as explained in sixty-five." And upon checking the chapter author's (*Kuiji's*) *Duifa chao* (對法抄), fascicle one [fascicle two, folio 14 verso], it also reads "as explained in sixty-five." However, upon examining fascicle sixty-five [of the *Yogācārabhūmi*]...