英語訳
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【Outside frame, upper right horizontal】Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror — Great Elements and Derived Forms Chapter
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[This text] is completely absent from [fascicle sixty-five]. It is only in fascicle sixty-six [folio 11 verso] that this text appears. Hence that fascicle says: "Furthermore, the great elements and derived forms (*bhautika-rūpa*, 所造色) exist simultaneously and do not separate from each other. This is because they are constituted by causes of those respective kinds (*zhǒng lèi yīn*, 種類因). [They interpenetrate] just like a single lump of (homogeneous) flavor, further interpenetrating each other and pervading every location — unlike an aggregate (*saṃcaya*, 聚) [composed of heterogeneous elements such as] parched grain flour (*zhāo*, 麨), rice (*dào*, 稻), and *maṇi* jewels (*maṇi*, 末尼) [mixed together]. (End of treatise text.)"
*Explanation*: The treatise's base text reads "because [they are] constituted by causes (*yīn suǒ chéng gù*, 因所成故)." But in the present chapter [the text] reads "because [they are] constituted alike (*tóng suǒ chéng gù*, 同所成故)." This is likely a scribal confusion between the characters 因 (*yīn*) and 同 (*tóng*) in cursive (*sōshō*, 草書) script. However, upon examining the *Zuan* (纂, "Compendium [of the Yogācārabhūmi]"), one finds that [the author] takes the text below "existing simultaneously" as the text of the chapter author (*zhāng jiā*, 章家), and further quotes the text of fascicle sixty-five. The text so quoted bears no resemblance whatsoever [to the text of fascicle sixty-six]. Hence it is known [that the citation of fascicle sixty-five is] incorrect. "Like a single lump of homogeneous flavor, further interpenetrating each other, etc." — this clarifies the meaning of "non-separation within the same location (*tóng chù bù xiāng lí*, 同処不相離)."
From the text "Furthermore, within this there are three [kinds]..." to "...intermixed non-separation (*zá bù xiāng lí*, 雑不相離)" — Below, [the chapter author] quotes texts again to clarify the meaning of non-separation. These three kinds of non-separation derive from *Yogācārabhūmi* fascicle sixty-five [folio 9 recto]. As for the words "furthermore, within this": they refer to the passage in the text above reading "existing simultaneously and not separating from each other." That is, "within this 'non-separation' there are three [kinds]; hence the phrase 'furthermore, within this.'" "First, same-location [non-separation] (*tóng chù*, 同処), etc." — Master Zhizhou (*Zhì Zhōu*, 智周) [in his *Mì* (*Bì*)-(*shū*) one, original (*běn*) folio 46 recto] says: "Examining *Yogācārabhūmi* fascicle sixty-five, there are three kinds of non-separating forms (*bù xiāng lí sè*, 不相離色). The first is same-location non-separation (*yī chù bù xiāng lí*, 一処不相離): the great elements and derived forms alike dwell in one [same] location."
*Explanation*: "One location (*yī chù*, 一処)" means the same thing as "same location (*tóng chù*, 同処)." When the producing [elements] (*nénɡ zào*, 能造) and the produced [forms] (*suǒ zào*, 所造) are mutually compared, [they find that] great and small, measure and so forth interpenetrate each other, without mutual obstruction, with no difference in location — this is called "same location." Without there being separate ultimate atoms dwelling in two different locations — this is called "non-separation." To take the example of one eye-faculty (*cakṣurindriya*, 眼根): the seven items [associated with it] mutually regard each other, interpenetrate, and dwell in one identical location — namely, the eye, the body-faculty (*kāyendriya*, 身根), form (*rūpa*, 色),
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fragrance (*gandha*, 香), flavor (*rasa*, 味), tangibility (*spraṣṭavya*, 触), and the producing earth-element (*pṛthivī-mahābhūta*, 地大) — seven in total, each [existing] as an ultimate atom (*paramāṇu*, 極微) in one identical location.
*Question*: Among the produced [forms] there are six [kinds]. Why should the producing [great element] be just one?
*Answer*: There are two explanations. The first says: "A single earth-element can produce all six [kinds of derived forms]. Hence the producing [great element] is one." The second says: "Since the produced [forms] are six [kinds], the producing [elements] are likewise six [kinds]. But [the text] separately says 'producing [element is] one' because it speaks collectively based on [all six] belonging to the same category of earth (*dì lèi*, 地類). It is like saying 'a single eye has seven ultimate atoms' — in reality one sense-faculty has innumerable atoms, but saying 'seven' is speaking in terms of categories. The producing [elements] are likewise [to be understood in the same way]."
"Second, intermixed non-separation (*xiāng zá bù xiāng lí*, 相雑不相離)" — For example, when a single eye-faculty has many ultimate atoms, and in [each] single atom of [that] root, seven items dwell together: when these seven items are set in relation to another [group of] seven items, although they are not in the same location, they dwell in close proximity (*lín jìn*, 隣近) blended together (*xiāng hé zá*, 相和雑) — this is called "intermixed" (*xiāng*, 相). The [respective groups of] seven-and-seven each being distinct — this is called "mixed" (*zá*, 雑). Because there is no gap (*jiàn gé*, 間隔) [between them], it is called "non-separation" (*bù xiāng lí*, 不相離).
"Third, harmoniously-mixed non-separation (*hé zá bù xiāng lí*, 和雑不相離)" — Furthermore, when there is an aggregate (*saṃcaya*, 聚), for instance of sesame seeds and beans or the like, held together (*shè chí*, 摂持) by various adhesives such as glue, honey, rock sugar and so forth. [The annotation] explains: "[This describes] two aggregates of different great elements and differently derived forms (*suǒ zào*, 所造) being harmoniously combined (*hé hé*, 和合). Like many beans and so forth, which, although held together by honey etc. and combined into a single aggregate (*yī jù*, 一聚), nevertheless do not interpenetrate each other [into the same location]. This is furthermore [so called] because the differently-derived forms of different great elements are being compared to each other — hence it is called 'harmoniously combined' (*hé hé*, 和合). 'Non-separation' means there is no interstice [between them] (*jiàn xì*, 間𨻶). (End of *shō* text.)"
Now, [the *Yogācārabhūmi* itself] first, following the treatise, clarifies "intermixed (*xiāng zá*, 相雑)" and then clarifies "harmoniously mixed (*hé zá*, 和雑)." In the present chapter, however, "harmoniously mixed" is clarified first [followed by "intermixed"]. Although there is thus a difference [in order], there is no contradiction in meaning.
From the text "Furthermore, [Yogācārabhūmi] fascicle [three]..." to "...intermixed non-separation (*zá bù xiāng lí*, 雑不相離)" — *Yogācārabhūmi* fascicle three [folio 2 recto] says: "Furthermore, non-separation is of two kinds. The first is same-location non-separation (*tóng chù bù xiāng lí*, 同処不相離): that is, [at places where] great-element ultimate atoms [are found] together with forms, fragrances, flavors, tangibilities, etc.,
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at a location without [sense-]faculties (*anendriya*, 無根処) there exist things without [sense-]faculties [i.e., only the basic sense-objects], while at a location with [sense-]faculties (*sendriya*, 有根処) there exist things with [sense-]faculties [i.e., both sense-objects and sense-organs]. This is called 'same-location non-separation' (*tóng chù bù xiāng lí*, 同処不相離). The second is harmoniously-mixed non-separation (*hé zá bù xiāng lí*, 和雑不相離): that is, these very great-element ultimate atoms [exist] together (*jù*, 俱) with the locations of other aggregated (*jùjí*, 聚集) producing and produced forms. This is called 'harmoniously-mixed non-separation' (*hé zá bù xiāng lí*, 和雑不相離). (End of treatise text.)"
*Explanation*: The present chapter quotes the text in abbreviated form. The chapter author's (*Kuiji's*) *Ga-shō* [fascicle two, folio 2 verso] explains this text by saying: "'Same-location non-separation' (*tóng chù bù xiāng lí*): according to locations without faculties, there are forms without faculties; according to locations with faculties, there are forms with faculties. This is the meaning that forms of one's own class of great elements and [their] derived [forms] all interpenetrate each other within the same single location — not the meaning that ultimate atoms of each kind dwell separately. 'Harmoniously-mixed non-separation' (*hé zá bù xiāng lí*): this means that the great elements of one's own class interpenetrate with the great elements of other classes, because of the meaning [of their] existing together in one location. The treatise further says: 'The former [same-location non-separation] constitutes the aggregate of shared (*gòng*, 共) great elements; the latter [harmoniously-mixed non-separation] constitutes the aggregate of unshared (*bù gòng*, 不共) great elements.' (End of *shō* text.)"
However, *Yogācārabhūmi* fascicle three does not explain the meaning of "intermixed non-separation" (*xiāng zá bù xiāng lí*, 相雑不相離). It is in fascicle sixty-five that this is later explained. Hence [here in fascicle three] it is simply summarized and abbreviated.
From the text "same-location non-separation (*tóng chù bù xiāng*[*lí*])..." to "...the remaining faculties making eleven (*yú gēn shí yī*, 余根十一)" — In the passage that follows, the chapter author takes the meaning of the treatise text and explains the two kinds of non-separation. "Like the *aṇu*-form (*āṇa sè*, 阿拏色) of a single eye-faculty" — this collectively indicates the physical substance of a single aggregate (*yī jù wù tǐ*, 一聚物体). "The *aṇu* of the four great elements and the *aṇu* of derived forms, etc." — what follows this indicates separately the aggregated physical substance within a single aggregate.
As for the term "*aṇa*" (*āṇa*, 阿拏): it is also written "*aṇu*" (*ānou*, 阿耨). Master Guangyuan's (*Guāng fǎshī*, 光法師) "*Abhidharmakośa* Commentary" (*Jùshě shū*, 倶舎疏) [fascicle 12, folio 2 verso] says: "In Sanskrit it is called *aṭu* (*ātú*, 阿菟). This is translated as '*wēi*' (*wēi*, 微, 'fine/subtle'). It is the finest and most minute among [all] forms (*rūpa*) visible to the eye. (End of commentary text.)" Seven ultimate atoms (*saptaparamāṇu*, 七極微) compose one "*wēi*" (*aṇu*, 微). This *wēi* is called *aṭu* (*ātú*, 阿菟). The two characters *tú* (菟) and *nuó* (拏) are slightly phonetically interchangeable.
The *Saṃyuktābhidharma-hṛdaya-śāstra* (雑心論, *Zá xīn lùn*) fascicle two [folio 24] says: "The finest [subdivision] of form (*rūpa*) reaches [its limit in] a single *wēi* (微, atom). Hence a single *wēi* is explained as the unit of measure (*fēn jì*, 分齊) of form." Furthermore,
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the verse (*gāthā*, 偈) in that [treatise] says: "Seven *wēi* (微) compose an *aṇu* (*ānou*, 阿耨); seven [*aṇu*] in turn (*zhuǎn*, 転) compose a copper-[surface] dust (*tóng chén*, 銅塵). [From] water[-surface] dust, hare[-fur] dust, and sheep[-wool] dust, know that [each] arises from seven [of the preceding]." The same [treatise] explains itself by saying: "Seven ultimate atoms compose one *aṇu* (*ānou*, 阿耨). That is the finest visible form. It can be seen by the divine eye (*divyacakṣus*, 天眼), and is seen by [advanced-stage] bodhisattvas and wheel-turning kings (*cakravartin*, 転輪王). Seven *aṇu* make one dust [particle on the surface of] copper. Seven copper-surface dust [particles] make one water-surface dust. Seven water-surface dusts make one dust [particle on] a hare's fine hair (*tūla*, 毫). [Seven hare-hair dust particles make] one dust [particle on] a sheep's wool. (End of treatise text.)"
*Explanation*: The *Abhidharmakośa* (*Jùshě lùn*, 倶舎論) fascicle twelve [initial folio, verso] has the same meaning. "Bodhisattva" here refers specifically to the last-body bodhisattva (*zuìhòu shēn púsà*, 最後身菩薩, i.e., the bodhisattva in his final existence [before enlightenment]). The new [translation of the] *Abhidharmakośa* says: "Accumulating atoms (*paramāṇu*) up to seven makes one gold-dust (*jīn chén*, 金塵)." The *Saṃyuktābhidharma-hṛdaya-śāstra* says "copper-dust" (*tóng chén*, 銅塵). The old [translation of the] *Abhidharmakośa* [fascicle nine, folio 7 recto] says "iron-dust" (*tiě chén*, 鉄塵). Master Guangyuan says: "Gold, silver, copper, and iron are collectively all called 'gold' (*jīn*, 金)." The reason why the various texts differ [in their terminology] is that each is limited to one particular aspect [of the category]. Because [passing through] gold [alloys] in transit (*wǎng lái*, 往来) [involves] no obstruction, [such a dust particle] is called "gold-dust" (*jīn chén*, 金塵).
*Question*: The *Consciousness-Only Treatise* (*Weishi lùn*, 唯識論) commentary (*shū*, 疏) fascicle two [fascicle two, original edition, folio 22 recto] says: "According to the Sautrāntika masters (*Jīng bù shī*, 経部師), *āṇa*-form (*āṇa sè*, 阿拏色) is a conventionally designated dharma (*prajñapti-dharma*, 仮法). The Sarvāstivādins (*sǎpódù*, 薩婆多) call it 'a combination (*hé hé*, 和合).' Hence [*āṇa*-form] is not an object (*viṣaya*, 境) of the five sense-consciousnesses (*pañcavijñāna*, 五識). This is because the five sense-consciousnesses necessarily arise in dependence on real dharmas (*vastu-dharma*, 実法)." If this is the case, how can [the text] now say that "the finest [subdivision] among forms visible to the eye is called *āṇa*-form" (*āṇa sè*, 阿拏色)?
*Answer*: When the commentary says "[*āṇa*-form] is not an object of the five sense-consciousnesses," it is speaking with reference to the appearance (*xiāng*, 相, form/aspect) of the combination of seven atoms — and that appearance, [being a composite,] is [itself a matter of individual] atoms (*wēi*, 微), hence [it is called a conventional designation]. When [the present text] now says "visible to the eye," it is speaking with reference to the ultimate-atom substance (*paramāṇu tǐ*, 極微体). Hence the commentary says that "individual separate ultimate atoms can give rise to the five sense-consciousnesses" — and [therefore] there is no contradiction [between the two passages]. What is now called "*āṇa*-form" (*āṇa sè*, 阿拏色) indicates the physical substance of the single *wēi*-form (*aṇu-rūpa*, 一微色体) composed of seven ultimate atoms [combined together].
In the present passage, the textual movement (*wén shì*, 文勢) has two [parts]. The first, from "a single root-free (*gēn-lí*, 離根) *āṇa*-form" through "adding [*sound* (*shēng*, 声)] making nine" — this indicates that "there are forms without [sense-]faculties according to [places that are] without-faculty-locations (*anendriya*, 無根処)." "[Furthermore,] adding the body[-faculty] making ten, and the remaining faculties making eleven" — this indicates that "there are forms with [sense-]faculties according to [places that are] with-faculty-locations (*sendriya*, 有根処)."