英語訳
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313 houses completely destroyed, 167 half-destroyed, and 339 damaged.
●Storm Damage in Kagawa Prefecture
According to a report from Takamatsu in Sanuki Province, from around 8:30 PM on the night of August 28th, the sky darkened as if ink had been poured across it, the northeast wind grew strong, and between 9 and 10 o'clock, when the wind shifted to the southwest, it became extraordinarily violent—snapping trees, sending roof tiles flying, and making a terrifying roar. At a moment when no one felt safe, people were startled by the urgent clanging of alarm bells. When they rushed outside, they saw fire breaking out in three directions—east, west, and south—with flames scorching the sky, causing people to worry that this might be a repeat of the disaster at Toyama City. Fortunately, the fires broke out away from the city center and burned down dozens of farmhouses in Higashihama Village, Oki-Matsushima (including the Shiogamaya and about thirty other households), Katamoto Village in Kita County, Nakakasai Village in Kagawa County, and Sagita Village, all of which were extinguished within about an hour—small mercies under the circumstances. The damage statistics for the prefecture are as follows:
340 dead, 980 injured, 11,766 houses destroyed, 14,236 houses damaged, 16 fires, 120 cattle and horses killed or injured, 122 boats lost or damaged. Marugame City suffered the least damage, with only three houses destroyed. In Takamatsu City, the major damages included: the machinery factory and two dormitory buildings of the Takamatsu Silk Mill collapsed; the school building of the Girls' Higher School was severely damaged and the annex collapsed; the theater Higashiza and the main hall of the Honganji Preaching Hall lost all roofing and walls; the Kikugetsutei pavilion in Ritsurin Park was damaged; and two warehouse buildings at Takamatsu Station collapsed.
Such a typhoon was unprecedented in fifty years. Fortunately, because it was of short duration, the damage was relatively limited; had it lasted a little longer, the devastation would have been catastrophic. In response, the prefectural governor dispatched fourteen officials and police officers to the various districts throughout the prefecture to inspect the conditions of the disaster.
▲Kagawa District The southern part suffered the most damage, with 2,000 houses destroyed, 100 dead, and more than 340 injured. A considerable number of elementary schools also collapsed. In particular, the villages of Miyawaki, Ritsurin, Sagita, Kawaoka, and Nakakasai experienced
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more than ten fires.
▲Ōkawa District Damage was somewhat less than in Kagawa District, but still recorded 9 dead, 28 injured, and 171 houses destroyed.
▲Nakatado District 29 dead, 72 injured, 544 houses destroyed, 523 storehouses destroyed, 50 boats damaged.
▲Mitoyo District 16 dead, 32 injured, 2 missing, 480 houses destroyed, with indications that there were additional damages beyond these figures.
▲Kita District In the southern part alone: 12 dead, 91 injured, 1,250 houses completely destroyed; the areas of Mitani and Sakanōue suffered the most extreme devastation.
▲Marugame City Other than one destroyed house, no significant damage.
●Storm Damage in Ehime Prefecture
Regarding the storm of August 28th, the worst-affected areas within the prefecture were Uma and Niihama districts. The prefectural governor and police officials went to those districts to inspect conditions, while Red Cross relief workers went there for rescue operations. In those two districts alone, 499 persons were reported missing, 1,582 were killed or injured, 105 houses were overturned, 138 were washed away, 870 were flooded, and several ships sank at Mitsuhama harbor. Over 800 people received emergency food relief at Teizui and other locations.
▲Statistics of Storm Damage This was a rare, large-scale disaster, and the investigation was not easy; by September 3rd, a reasonably accurate survey was completed. The statistics are as follows:
Dead / Injured / Missing / Livestock Dead / Livestock Injured / Houses Completely Destroyed / Half Destroyed / Damaged / Washed Away / Subtotal / Houses Flooded Above Floor / Below Floor / Total
Matsuyama City: — / 2 / — / — / — / 3 / 1 / 5 / — / 9 / — / 5 / 5
Niihama District: 221 / 3 / 49 / 3 / — / 7 / 17 / 10 / — / 96 / 426 / 365 / 791
Uma District: 593 / 97 / 37 / 2 / 1 / 125 / 87 / 283 / 16 / 52 / 56 / 896 / 954
Shūsō District: 3 / 3 / 1 / — / — / 1 / — / — / — / 1 / — / — / —
Kamiukena District: 1 / 1 / — / 1 / — / 3 / — / 4 / — / 7 / 1 / 4 / 5
Ochi District: — / — / — / — / — / 1 / — / — / — / 1 / — / — / —
Total: 826 / 106 / 87 / 6 / 1 / 140 / 105 / 302 / 78 / 625 / 482 / 1,267 / 1,750
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Note: Of the 593 deaths in Uma District listed above, 584 were deaths occurring at the Besshi Mine.
●The Disaster at the Besshi Copper Mine
The Besshi Copper Mine is located in Besshinoyama Village, Iyo Province, Ehime Prefecture, five ri from Niihama. The mountain range lies within the central mountain range of Shikoku and reaches a height of approximately 4,200 shaku. The mining office is situated at a point about 600 shaku below the summit. The ore vein was discovered in the third year of Genroku (209 years ago). The mine is owned by the Sumitomo family, wealthy merchants of Osaka, and the annual volume of extraction is quite substantial. The total workforce of the mine, including office workers and miners, numbers over 6,000 persons. To reach the Besshi Mine, the usual route is from Onomichi: one boards the steamship Kizugawamaru, which departs Onomichi at noon every day, passes through Shisaka Island, Imabari, and Saijō, and arrives at Niihama by nightfall. Here there is a branch office of the mining operation. From Niihama to Hajiiba at the foot of the mountain, there is a railway (6 miles and 42 chains). From there to the top of Ishigayama, there is an aerial tramway, but as it poses some danger, most people ascend on foot or by palanquin (a distance of about one ri). From the top of Ishigayama to Kadoishihara, the north gate of the mine, there is again a railway (3 miles and 35 chains). From there, a rickshaw passes through a tunnel (11 chō and 52 ken) to enter the mine itself.
What an ill-fated day the 28th of last month proved to be. The storm that had devastated Kōchi Prefecture also struck this mine, causing the mighty mountains to rumble and roar, collapsing all at once, instantly burying or washing away dwellings, and burying countless miners alive in the depths of the earth—a great catastrophe. It was a disaster unseen since the mine's opening, and the scenes of horror and tragedy were utterly unbearable. The details are recorded below.
●Conditions of the Damage
Regarding the weather on that day: since morning, light rain had been falling steadily, accompanied by a gentle wind, creating a somewhat unsettled atmosphere. However, since the area had never before experienced major storm damage, people paid little heed. The wind direction that day shifted unusually from the northeast to the west (it being customary at Besshi for the wind to rotate from the southeast to the west before stopping), and while people were thinking it strange,
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by around 6 or 7 in the evening the wind gradually gained strength, ominous clouds spread, and just as a kind of rumbling was heard underground, the wind and rain grew ever more ferocious, until the force was irresistible. People could not rest easy; some beat metal wash basins, others banged on empty oil cans, all mutually increasing their vigilance—and then, in an instant, the violent wind and rain sent houses, people, and animals flying, and the torrential rainwater rushed down from all four sides of the mountain, burying everything beneath it. Cries of weeping calling for rescue, screams begging for help, could sometimes be heard, but with the entire mountain enveloped in a terrible atmosphere and all surroundings pitch dark with not a step possible to advance, there was no one who could rush immediately to aid.
The violent storm suddenly ceased, but looking around, the various settlements across the mountain no longer retained their former shape. In particular, in Mihanadani, of fifty houses, barely two were left standing while all the rest were buried beneath the earth to a depth of many jō. Similarly in Kotaridani, all but a few houses were either buried underground or swept far away to the Yoshino River by the floodwaters, and the entire mountain of Besshi was thus transformed into a scene of utter devastation. Not a single road, railway, or bridge was spared from destruction, and the telegraph and telephone also ceased to function, leaving no means to report the emergency to the Niihama branch office. However, two courageous individuals, disregarding their own danger, set out from Besshi in the dead of night, making their way without regard through the pitch darkness with no ability to see even a foot ahead, forcing their way into the trackless deep mountains, crossing ridges and traversing valleys, until at dawn they succeeded in reporting the emergency to Niihama.
▲Causes of the Damage The site of this disaster lies at an elevation of 3,500–3,600 shaku above sea level. The houses were built on mountain slopes surrounded by multiple layers of mountain ridges. Some had plank roofs with stones placed on top; others were thatched with straw. The soil in that area is generally loose and sandy, so rainwater penetrated it and caused a sudden collapse, crushing both houses and inhabitants beneath the rocks. Given that these were sloped surfaces to begin with (continued on the next page)...