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コレクション: 大日本仏教全書第105巻

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【二頁】 【上段】 爾誰誦_二律藏_一。答。依_二善見論_一者。有_二 五人_一次第誦_二律藏_一。問。 其五人者何。答。優婆離。駄寫拘。蘇那拘。悉伽符。目犍 連子帝須。此五人次第閻浮利地持律不_レ斷。優婆離從_二金 口_一聞。駄寫拘從_二優婆離_一聞。蘇那拘從_二駄寫拘_一聞。悉伽 符從_二蘇那拘_一聞。目犍連子從_二悉伽符_一聞。又從_レ此已後 付_二摩哂陀_一。此卽阿育王之子也。摩哂陀付_二阿栗吒_一。阿栗 吒付_二帝須達多_一。次伽羅須末那。次地伽那。次須末那。次 伽羅須那《割書:[考]須下善見|律有_二末字_一》次曇無德。次帝須。次提婆。次須末 那。次專那伽。次曇無婆離。次企摩。次優婆帝須。次法叵。 次阿婆耶。次提婆。次私婆。合廿四人。如_レ此諸律師。皆阿 羅漢。師々相承。至_レ今不_レ絕。又僧祇律云。佛授_二優婆離_一。 優婆離授_二娑婆羅_一《割書:[考]娑婆羅僧祇|律作陀娑婆羅》娑婆羅授_二樹提陀娑_一。乃至 最後尊者道力。彼律合有_二廿七人_一。如_レ是賢人。次第相傳 不_レ絕。問。佛滅後經_二幾年_一。此敎分耶。 答。依_二大集經_一言。 滅後百餘年後。律敎分_二 五部_一。一曇無德部。二薩婆多部。 三彌沙塞部。四迦葉遺部。五婆蘇富羅部。又依_二舍利弗 問經。文殊問經。三千威儀經。遺敎經。宗輪論等_一。佛滅後 【下段】 百年後。四衆共議。依_二大天五事不同_一。分爲_二兩部_一。一大 衆部。二上座部。其四衆。謂一龍象衆。《割書:律師|衆也》二邊鄙衆。 《割書:大天|衆也》三多聞衆。《割書:經師|衆也。》四大德衆。《割書:論師。|衆也》次後此第二百年。大衆 部中出_二 三部_一。一一說部。二說出世部。三鷄胤部。次後此 第二百年。大衆部中復出_二 一部_一。名_二多聞部_一。次後此第二 百年。更出_二 一部_一。名_二說假部_一。次第二百年滿時。分出_二 三 部_一。一制多山部。二西山住《割書:[考]住下恐|脫部字》三北山住部。幷_レ本爲_二 九部_一。次後第三百年《割書:[考]此下恐脫上|座部三字歟》分爲_二 二部_一。一說一切 有部。亦名_二說因部_一。二卽本上座部。亦轉名_二雪山部_一。次 後此第三百年。從_二說一切有部_一出_二 一部_一。亦名_二犢子部_一。次 後第三百年。從_二犢子部_一出_二 四部_一。一法上部。二賢冑部。 三正量部。四密林山部。次後此第三百年。從_二說一切有 部_一亦出_二 一部_一。亦名_二化地部_一。次後此第三百年。從_二化地部_一 出_二 一部_一。名_二法藏部_一。至_二 三百年末_一。從_二說一切有部_一出_二 一 部_一。名_二飮光部_一。亦名_二善哉部_一。至_二第四百年初_一。從_二 一切有 部_一亦出_二 一部_一。名_二經量部_一。亦名_二說轉部_一。幷_レ本爲_二 十一部_一。 問。此廿部中。四分律當_二何部_一耶。答。此四分律當_二法藏 【三頁】 【上段】 部_一。問。依_二何文_一言_レ爾。答。依_二舍利弗問經。三千威儀經。 遺敎經。宗輪論_一。此四說而言_レ爾。 二言_二凡聖流漢_一者。問。此律敎。誰始傳_二漢地_一。答。善見論 云。付_二諸大德_一。諸國流傳。亦摩訶勒棄多曾至_二漢地_一。流_二- 行律敎_一。又師子國等。各有_二別人_一流行。問。流_二-行漢地_一者。 九代中何時耶。答。後漢明帝莊永平元年戊午歲卽位。至_二 永平五年_一。夜夢_二丈六金人_一。至_二 十年丁卯之歲_一。有_二西域僧 迦葉摩騰_一。遊化至_二于漢地_一。又至_二 十一年歲次戊辰_一。復有_二 竺法蘭_一來至_二此土_一。此土人請曰。我欲_下知_二師法_一出家受戒_上 卽與_二剃髪_一。披_二-著縵條_一。與_二-受三歸五戒_一。准_二薩婆多論_一。佛 成道八年止_二 三歸_一。興_二羯磨受_一。中國十人。邊方五衆。由_レ此 摩騰止有_二 二人_一。/◦(亦)不_レ得_二受具_一。如_レ是乃至第十桓帝志丁亥 卽位。逕_二廿一年_一至_二 丁未之歲永康元年_一。從_二前明帝戊辰 之歲_一至_二此丁未_一惣一百年。唯用_二 三歸五戒_一。共相傳受。桓 帝既崩。第十一靈帝立。戊申卽位。自_二建寧年_一已後。北天 竺有_二 五沙門_一。支法領。支謙。竺法護。竺道生。支樓讖《割書:[考]讖|上恐》 《割書:脫_二迦|字_一》等五人來到_二此土_一。與_二大僧_一受戒。卽五人受也。自_レ爾 【下段】 已來。始有_二戒法相傳_一。其時大律未_レ到_二此土_一。支法領口誦_二 戒本一卷。羯磨本一卷_一。在_レ此流行。今時古羯磨戒本者。 是竝出_二曇無部_一。自_レ爾已後。復逕_二 五十五年_一至_二魏文帝杰 《割書:曹操|子也》黄初三年歲次壬寅_一。有_二 中天竺沙門曇摩訶羅_一《割書:或云_二|柯羅_一》 此云_二法時_一。遊至_二許昌_一。《割書:黄初二年改_二|許縣_一爲_二許昌_一》其人幼而聰敏。質像 瓌瑋。尋讀一覽。文義悉通。善_二 四韋陀_一。妙_二 五明論_一。圖_二-讖 運變_一。靡_レ所_レ不_レ說。自謂在世無_レ過。乃入_二僧坊_一。遇見_二法勝 毘曇_一。慇勤尋省。莫_レ知_二旨趣_一。乃深歎曰。佛法深妙。因卽 出家。誦_二大小乘經及諸毘尼_一。來至_二許昌_一。觀_三魏僧衆全無_二 律範_一。自來之後。又逕_二廿八年兼前五十五年合八十三年_一 至_二魏廢帝齊王芳嘉平二年歲次庚午_一。於_二■【雒ヵ】陽_一更集_二梵 僧_一。以_二羯磨法_一與_二大僧_一重更受戒。准用_二 十僧_一。幷翻_二僧祇 戒本一卷_一。又安息國沙門曇諦。亦善_二律學_一。出_二曇無德羯 磨_一。以用受戒。此重受之由。如_二邁法師釋經圖記_一。卽是大僧 受戒之由也。次明_二尼衆_一者。靈帝之後。亦從_二大僧_一求_レ受_二 大戒_一。支法領語曰。依_二如佛敎_一。唯開_二邊地五人大僧受戒_一。 不_レ開_二尼衆_一。尼衆泣涙而退矣。從_二靈帝_一已後。逕_二 五十三 【「[考]」は四角囲み文字】

現代語訳

【第二頁】 【上段】 それでは誰が律蔵を誦したのか。答える。『善見論』によれば、五人が次第に律蔵を誦した。問う。その五人とは何者か。答える。優婆離、駄寫拘、蘇那拘、悉伽符、目犍連子帝須である。この五人が次第に閻浮利地(インド)において律を持して断絶させなかった。優婆離は金口(仏陀)から聞き、駄寫拘は優婆離から聞き、蘇那拘は駄寫拘から聞き、悉伽符は蘇那拘から聞き、目犍連子は悉伽符から聞いた。またこの後、摩哂陀に付嘱された。これは阿育王の子である。摩哂陀は阿栗吒に付し、阿栗吒は帝須達多に付し、次に伽羅須末那、次に地伽那、次に須末那、次に伽羅須那《注:須の下に善見律には末の字がある》次に曇無德、次に帝須、次に提婆、次に須末那、次に專那伽、次に曇無婆離、次に企摩、次に優婆帝須、次に法叵、次に阿婆耶、次に提婆、次に私婆。合わせて二十四人である。このような諸律師は皆阿羅漢であり、師から師へと相承して今に至るまで絶えていない。また『僧祇律』には、仏が優婆離に授け、優婆離が娑婆羅に授け《注:娑婆羅は僧祇律では陀娑婆羅と作る》娑婆羅が樹提陀娑に授け、最後は尊者道力に至ると云う。その律では合わせて二十七人がいる。このような賢人が次第に相伝して絶えない。問う。仏滅後何年経ってこの教えが分派したのか。答える。『大集経』によれば、滅後百余年後、律教が五部に分かれた。一つは曇無德部、二つは薩婆多部、三つは彌沙塞部、四つは迦葉遺部、五つは婆蘇富羅部である。また『舎利弗問経』『文殊問経』『三千威儀経』『遺教経』『宗輪論』等によれば、仏滅後 【下段】 百年後、四衆が共に議して、大天の五事の不同により二部に分かれた。一つは大衆部、二つは上座部である。その四衆とは、一つは龍象衆《律師の衆である》、二つは邊鄙衆《大天の衆である》、三つは多聞衆《経師の衆である》、四つは大德衆《論師の衆である》である。この後第二百年に、大衆部中から三部が出た。一つは一說部、二つは説出世部、三つは鷄胤部である。この後第二百年に、大衆部中からまた一部が出て、多聞部と名づけた。この後第二百年に、さらに一部が出て、説假部と名づけた。第二百年満了の時、三部が分出した。一つは制多山部、二つは西山住《住の下に部の字が脱落していると思われる》、三つは北山住部である。本と併せて九部となった。この後第三百年《この下に上座部三字が脱落していると思われる》に二部に分かれた。一つは説一切有部で、また説因部とも名づけ、二つはもとの上座部で、また雪山部と転名した。この後第三百年に、説一切有部から一部が出て、犢子部とも名づけた。この後第三百年に、犢子部から四部が出た。一つは法上部、二つは賢冑部、三つは正量部、四つは密林山部である。この後第三百年に、説一切有部からまた一部が出て、化地部とも名づけた。この後第三百年に、化地部から一部が出て、法藏部と名づけた。三百年末に至り、説一切有部から一部が出て、飮光部と名づけ、また善哉部とも名づけた。第四百年初に至り、一切有部からまた一部が出て、経量部と名づけ、また説転部とも名づけた。本と併せて十一部となった。問う。この二十部中、四分律はどの部に当たるのか。答える。この四分律は法藏 【第三頁】 【上段】 部に当たる。問う。何の文によってそう言うのか。答える。『舎利弗問経』『三千威儀経』『遺教経』『宗輪論』、この四つの説によってそう言うのである。 二つ目に「凡聖が漢土に流した」ことを言えば、問う。この律教を誰が始めて漢地に伝えたのか。答える。『善見論』に云う、諸大徳に付嘱し、諸国に流伝した。また摩訶勒棄多がかつて漢地に至り、律教を流行させた。また師子国等も各々別人がいて流行させた。問う。漢地に流行させたのは、九代中いつの時か。答える。後漢明帝永平元年戊午歳に即位し、永平五年に至り、夜に丈六の金人を夢見た。十年丁卯の歳に至り、西域の僧迦葉摩騰が遊化して漢地に至った。また十一年歳次戊辰に至り、また竺法蘭が来てこの土に至った。この土の人が請うて曰く、「我は師の法を知り出家受戒したい」と。すなわち剃髪を与え、縵条を披着させ、三帰五戒を受けさせた。『薩婆多論』によれば、仏成道八年に三帰を止め、羯磨受を興した。中国は十人、辺方は五衆である。このため摩騰は二人しかおらず、具足戒を受けることができなかった。このように第十代桓帝志丁亥に即位するまで続き、二十一年を経て丁未の歳永康元年に至った。前の明帝戊辰の歳からこの丁未まで総じて百年、ただ三帰五戒を用いて共に相伝受した。桓帝が既に崩じ、第十一代霊帝が立った。戊申に即位し、建寧年以後、北天竺に五沙門がいた。支法領、支謙、竺法護、竺道生、支樓讖《讖の上に迦の字が脱落していると思われる》等五人がこの土に来到し、大僧と受戒した。すなわち五人受である。それ以来、 【下段】 初めて戒法の相伝があった。その時大律はまだこの土に到着していなかった。支法領が戒本一巻、羯磨本一巻を口誦し、ここで流行させた。今時の古羯磨戒本は、これらは皆曇無部から出たものである。それ以後、また五十五年を経て魏文帝杰《曹操の子である》黄初三年歳次壬寅に至り、中天竺の沙門曇摩訶羅《或いは柯羅と云う》がいた。これを法時と訳す。許昌に遊至した《黄初二年に許県を改めて許昌とした》。その人は幼くして聡敏で、質像は瓌偉であった。尋読し一覧すれば、文義はことごとく通じた。四韋陀に善く、五明論に妙であった。図讖の運変について、説かないものはなかった。自ら世に在って過ぎるものは無いと謂った。そこで僧坊に入り、法勝毘曇を見遇し、殷勤に尋省したが、旨趣を知ることができなかった。そこで深く嘆いて曰く、「仏法は深妙である」と。因ってすなわち出家し、大小乗経及び諸毘尼を誦した。許昌に来至し、魏の僧衆が全く律範を持たないのを観た。その来訪以後、また二十八年を経て前の五十五年と合わせて八十三年、魏廃帝斉王芳嘉平二年歳次庚午に至り、洛陽において更に梵僧を集め、羯磨法を以て大僧に重ねて更に受戒させた。十僧を准用し、併せて僧祇戒本一巻を翻訳した。また安息国の沙門曇諦も律学に善く、曇無徳羯磨を出して受戒に用いた。この重受の由来は、邁法師の『釈経図記』の如くである。これは大僧受戒の由来である。次に尼衆について明かせば、霊帝の後、また大僧に大戒を受けることを求めた。支法領が語って曰く、「仏教に依れば、ただ辺地五人の大僧受戒を開くのみで、尼衆には開かない」と。尼衆は泣涙して退いた。霊帝以後、五十三年を経て

英語訳

[Page 2] [Upper section] Then who recited the Vinaya collection? Answer: According to the Shanjianlun (Commentary on Good Views), there were five people who successively recited the Vinaya collection. Question: Who were these five people? Answer: Upali, Dasheku, Sunaku, Xigafu, and Moggallana's son Tissu. These five people successively maintained the Vinaya in Jambudvipa (India) without interruption. Upali heard it from the Golden Mouth (Buddha), Dasheku heard it from Upali, Sunaku heard it from Dasheku, Xigafu heard it from Sunaku, and Moggallana's son heard it from Xigafu. After this, it was entrusted to Mahinda, who was the son of King Ashoka. Mahinda transmitted it to Arittha, Arittha transmitted it to Tissadatta, then to Kalasumana, then to Digana, then to Sumana, then to Kalasuna [Note: The Shanjian Vinaya has the character "mo" after "su"], then to Dharmagupta, then to Tissu, then to Deva, then to Sumana, then to Senaka, then to Dharmapali, then to Kima, then to Upatissu, then to Dharma-prabha, then to Abhaya, then to Deva, then to Siba. In total, twenty-four people. All these Vinaya masters were Arhats, transmitted from teacher to teacher, continuing unbroken to this day. Also, the Mahisasaka Vinaya states that Buddha taught Upali, Upali taught Sabara [Note: Sabara in the Mahisasaka Vinaya is written as Thasabara], Sabara taught Jutitasa, down to the final Venerable Daoli. That Vinaya records twenty-seven people in total. Such worthy people transmitted it successively without break. Question: How many years after Buddha's death did this teaching divide? Answer: According to the Mahavaipulya Sutra, over one hundred years after the extinction, the Vinaya teaching divided into five schools: first, the Dharmaguptaka school; second, the Sarvastivada school; third, the Mahisasaka school; fourth, the Kasyapiya school; fifth, the Vatsiputriya school. Also according to the Sariputra Question Sutra, Manjusri Question Sutra, Three Thousand Deportments Sutra, Last Teaching Sutra, Sectarian Wheels Treatise, etc., after Buddha's extinction [Lower section] one hundred years later, the four assemblies deliberated together and, due to disagreements over Mahadeva's five points, split into two schools: first, the Mahasamghika school; second, the Sthaviravada school. The four assemblies were: first, the Dragon-Elephant Assembly (the assembly of Vinaya masters); second, the Border Assembly (Mahadeva's assembly); third, the Much-Learning Assembly (the assembly of Sutra masters); fourth, the Great Virtue Assembly (the assembly of Abhidharma masters). After this, in the second century, three schools emerged from the Mahasamghika: first, the Ekavyavaharika school; second, the Lokottaravada school; third, the Gokulika school. After this, in the second century, another school emerged from the Mahasamghika called the Bahusrutiya school. After this, in the second century, yet another school emerged called the Prajnaptivada school. At the end of the second century, three schools split off: first, the Caitika school; second, the Aparasaila school [Note: the character "bu" (school) may be missing after "zhu" (dwelling)]; third, the Uttarasaila school. Together with the original, there were nine schools. After this, in the third century [Note: the three characters "Sthaviravada school" may be missing here], it divided into two schools: first, the Sarvastivada school, also called the Hetuvada school; second, the original Sthaviravada school, also renamed the Haimavata school. After this, in the third century, one school emerged from the Sarvastivada, also called the Vatsiputriya school. After this, in the third century, four schools emerged from the Vatsiputriya: first, the Dharmottariya school; second, the Bhadrayaniya school; third, the Sammitiya school; fourth, the Sannagarika school. After this, in the third century, another school emerged from the Sarvastivada, also called the Mahisasaka school. After this, in the third century, one school emerged from the Mahisasaka called the Dharmaguptaka school. At the end of the third century, one school emerged from the Sarvastivada called the Kasyapiya school, also called the Suvarsaka school. At the beginning of the fourth century, another school emerged from the Sarvastivada called the Sautrantika school, also called the Samkrantika school. Together with the original, there were eleven schools. Question: Among these twenty schools, to which school does the Four-Part Vinaya belong? Answer: This Four-Part Vinaya belongs to the Dharmaguptaka [Page 3] [Upper section] school. Question: Based on what text do you say this? Answer: Based on the Sariputra Question Sutra, Three Thousand Deportments Sutra, Last Teaching Sutra, and Sectarian Wheels Treatise - according to these four texts we say this. Second, regarding "sages and ordinary people flowing to China": Question: Who first transmitted this Vinaya teaching to Chinese territory? Answer: The Shanjianlun states that it was entrusted to various great masters and transmitted to various countries. Also, Maharakshita once went to Chinese territory and spread the Vinaya teaching. Also, Sri Lanka and other places each had different people spreading it. Question: During which of the nine dynasties was it spread to Chinese territory? Answer: Emperor Ming of Later Han ascended the throne in the first year of Yongping (68 CE), year of Wuwu. By the fifth year of Yongping, he dreamed at night of a golden figure sixteen feet tall. In the tenth year, the year of Dingmao, there was a monk from the Western Regions, Kasyapa Matanga, who traveled and arrived in Chinese territory. Also in the eleventh year, year of Wuchen, Zhu Falan also came to this land. The people of this land requested saying, "We wish to know the master's dharma and receive ordination as monks." They immediately gave them tonsure, had them wear the uncut robe, and gave them the Three Refuges and Five Precepts. According to the Sarvastivada Treatise, eight years after Buddha's enlightenment, the Three Refuges were stopped and ordination ceremonies were established. In central regions ten people were required, in border regions five assemblies. Because of this, Matanga had only two people and could not receive full ordination. Thus it continued until the tenth emperor, Huan Di Zhi, who ascended the throne in the year Dinghai, and through twenty-one years until the year Dingwei of Yongkang first year. From Emperor Ming's year Wuchen to this Dingwei was one hundred years total, using only the Three Refuges and Five Precepts, mutually transmitting and receiving them. After Emperor Huan died, the eleventh Emperor Ling ascended. He took the throne in Wushen, and from the Jianning years onward, there were five monks from Northern India: Zhi Faling, Zhi Qian, Zhu Fahu, Zhu Daosheng, and Zhi Lou Chan [Note: The character "jia" may be missing before "chan"] - these five people came to this land and received ordination with fully ordained monks. This was ordination with five people. From then on, [Lower section] there was first the mutual transmission of the precept dharma. At that time the complete Vinaya had not yet arrived in this land. Zhi Faling orally recited the Precept Text in one fascicle and the Ordination Manual in one fascicle, which circulated here. The ancient ordination manuals and precept texts of today all derive from the Dharmaguptaka school. After this, another fifty-five years passed until the third year of Huangchu under Wei Emperor Wen [Cao Cao's son], year of Renyin, when there was a monk from Central India named Dharmaraksha [sometimes called Krakucchanda], which translates as "Dharma-Time." He traveled to Xuchang [in the second year of Huangchu, Xu County was renamed Xuchang]. This person was intelligent from youth, with extraordinary appearance and character. Upon reading and reviewing once, he completely understood the meaning of texts. He was skilled in the four Vedas and excellent in the five sciences treatises. Regarding divination and cosmic changes, there was nothing he could not explain. He considered himself unequalled in the world. Then he entered a monastery and encountered the Dharmaśreṣṭhi Abhidharma. He earnestly studied it but could not understand its essential meaning. He deeply sighed, saying, "The Buddha-dharma is profound and subtle." He then became a monk and recited Mahayana and Hinayana sutras and various Vinayas. Coming to Xuchang, he observed that the Wei monastic community completely lacked standards of discipline. After his arrival, another twenty-eight years passed, combined with the previous fifty-five years making eighty-three years total, until the second year of Jiaping under the deposed Wei Emperor, King Fang of Qi, year of Gengwu. At Luoyang he again assembled Sanskrit monks and used the ordination ceremony to have the fully ordained monks receive ordination again. He employed ten monks as the standard and also translated the Mahisasaka Precept Text in one fascicle. Also, the monk Dharmisatya from Parthia, who was also skilled in Vinaya studies, produced the Dharmaguptaka Ordination Ceremony for use in ordination. The reason for this re-ordination is as recorded in Master Mai's "Illustrated Records of Sutra Interpretation." This was the origin of ordination for fully ordained monks. Next, clarifying regarding the nuns' community: After Emperor Ling, they also sought to receive full ordination from the fully ordained monks. Zhi Faling said, "According to the Buddha's teaching, only ordination by five fully ordained monks in border regions is permitted; it is not permitted for nuns." The nuns withdrew weeping. After Emperor Ling, fifty-three years passed...