英語訳
## Right Page (p. 116, Section 20)
### Upper Section
(The reason and example) do not encompass (it), just like the term "conditioned dharma." How is this objection to be resolved?
Answer: Because there is a fault, the objection cannot be validly constructed. (Instead,) constructing a "contradiction with the subject's own nature" (法自相相違, *dharmasvabhāvaviruddha*): "My (Bhāviveka's) term 'true nature' (真性) ought not to be the subject-term (有法, *dharmin*). (Thesis.) Because it relates to this syllogism's terminology yet is not encompassed by the reason and example. (Reason.) Like the term 'empty' (空), which is the predicate-dharma (法) of the thesis. (Example.)"
Q: Within "conditioned dharmas" as the subject-term, is there a fault of contradiction (相違)?
A: There is. Constructing a "contradiction with the qualification of the subject-term" (有法差別相違, *dharmivišeṣaviruddha*): "Eye-faculty (眼等) conditioned dharmas ought not to be conditioned dharmas that are non-existent in the ultimate (真無). (Thesis.) Because they arise from conditions. (Reason.) Like material forms (色等) that exist in the conventional (俗有). (Example.)" If one accepts that "what is conventionally existent is thereby ultimately non-existent (真無)," then in the positive example (同喩) of the original syllogism, namely "illusory phenomena" (幻事), the quality of "arising from conditions while being conventionally existent" is present, and so (the reason) cannot serve as a proving reason (*sādhana-hetu*) — precisely because (the illusion) is accepted as ultimately non-existent (真無). From this it is clearly known: the meaning of "ultimate non-existence" (真無) and the meaning of "conventional existence" (俗有) are each distinct from the other.
Q: By what (evidence) does one know there is this contradiction?
A: In the Tripiṭaka Master's (Xuanzang's) syllogism it is stated: "Established-in-common form (極成色) is the intrinsic nature of the subject-term (有法自相). The form within consciousness (*vijñāna*) and the form apart from consciousness — these are the qualifications of the subject-term (有法差別)." Following this as a model, it is clearly known: "eye-faculty conditioned dharmas" is the intrinsic nature of the subject-term; "conditioned dharmas that are ultimately non-existent are not conditioned dharmas that are ultimately non-existent" is the qualification of the subject-term — hence this fault exists. Since the reason in the original syllogism of "conditioned dharmas are empty" does not say "self-accepted" (自許, *svābhimata*), one cannot construct an "indeterminacy" (不定, *anaikānta*) to block this fault.
Q: Does this syllogism have a dissimilar-case example (異法喩, *vipakṣa dṛṣṭānta*)?
A: Following the statement of *Zhǎngzhēn* (掌珍論), there is no dissimilar-case example, because the exclusionary meaning (*vacchedārtha*) of that treatise is already established, and there is no dissimilar case (*vipakṣa*), etc. (And so on.)
Q: If there is no dissimilar case (*vipakṣa*) in this syllogism, why does the treatise on *hetuvidyā* (因明論) say "only these three components are called the means of proof" (能立)?
A: The word "only" (唯) in the treatise merely excludes the error of the "four equivalents" (四等); it means that a means of proof must necessarily possess these three (components).
Q: This reason of "dependent origination" (縁生因) ought not to be evident (顕). (Thesis.) Because it lacks the three marks (三相). (Reason.) Like reasons having only one mark, etc. (Example.) How does one resolve this objection?
A: There is the fault of "definite contradiction" (決定相違, *viruddha*). That is: the reason "because it arises from conditions" is definitely capable of making the thesis manifest, for it possesses the first two marks (遍是宗法性 and 同品定有性) and does not pervade the dissimilar case (異品遍無) — hence (it is) like the reason of "being made/produced" (所作因).
Q: If among the three means of proof (三能立: thesis, reason, positive example) one can establish the thesis without the dissimilar example (異法喩), then (conversely,) among the three means of proof one should also be able to establish the thesis without the similar example (同法喩).
A: The similar example (同喩) serves to "positively establish" (順成) (the thesis); if the similar example is absent, there is no auxiliary support. The dissimilar example (異法喩) serves to "prevent overflow" (止濫, excluding false instances); if the dissimilar example is absent, the "overflow" is eliminated. Hence they cannot be treated as analogous cases.
Q: The *Zhǎngzhēn lun* says: "If others take parikalpita (*遍計所執*) conditioned dharmas as (the subject), this very (syllogism) breaks that clinging" — and Dharmapāla accepts this in common. If so, the thesis has the fault of "corresponding to what is already established" (相符極成). Why bother seeking further faults?
A: (Dharmapāla) does not say that "conditioned dharmas have real self-nature in the ultimate truth." Against whom does Bhāviveka establish this syllogism of emptiness? When he says "relying on the dependent arising's causal reality (*依他因成実*) etc.," this relies on conventional-ultimate (世俗勝義), not on the true ultimate (真勝義). Already stated in such general terms — against whom is emptiness being established?
Answer: In the third scroll of the (Cheng weishi) lun, after refuting Bhāviveka's position, it concludes: "From this it should be believed that there is the Eighth Consciousness (*ālayavijñāna*), etc." (And so on.) Having already refuted those who hold "conditioned dharmas are empty in true nature," it then concludes "there is an Eighth Consciousness." From this it is clearly known: Dharmapāla also, relying on "true nature" (真性), asserts there is an Eighth Consciousness. (Bhāviveka) now establishes the syllogism of emptiness in opposition to this position, so there is no problem.
Q: Following the third scroll of the treatise, it seems the meaning is as stated. But Dharmapāla does not say "the consciousness of true nature is existent." How then is there a contradiction?
A: The first scroll of the treatise says: "Consciousness is a conventional object-domain; because there is a basis-event (所依事), it is also (existent) in the ultimate sense, etc." (And so on.) Bhāviveka, not knowing that Dharmapāla speaks of the Eighth Consciousness as existent in reliance upon conventional-ultimate, negates this consciousness by means of a fallacious syllogism (*似比量*). It is not that Dharmapāla establishes the Eighth Consciousness as existent in reliance upon the true ultimate — hence there is no contradiction. Reading the treatise in a general way, the meaning appears to be so; examining the treatise's intent deeply, the meaning is not so.
Q: If so, Bhāviveka holds that in the conventional realm both mind and object co-exist. Why then does he further refute the co-
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## Left Page (p. 117, Section 21)
### Upper Section
existence of conventional mind and object? If that (co-existence) is accepted, it contradicts his own position (自宗).
A: Because he does not know the distinction between Dharmapāla's conventional-ultimate (世俗勝義) and (his) different (levels of the ultimate).
Q: In Bhāviveka's composed *Madhyamakahṛdayakārikā* (中観心論), in the "Chapter on Entering True Ambrosia" (入真甘露品), it is stated: "The ālayavijñāna (阿頼耶識) has no separate substance (*dharmatā*). Because it is not encompassed by the six consciousnesses of the eye-faculty, etc. Like a sky-flower." What fault does this have?
A: The Xīmíng (西明, referring to the monk Yuance/Woncheuk, or alternately to a Ximing scholar) explains that both the thesis (宗) and reason (因) of this syllogism have faults. If "no separate nature" is (interpreted) on the basis of the ultimate (勝義), then if one says "no separate nature" in terms of conventional-ultimate (世俗勝義), there is the fault of "contradiction with sacred scripture" (聖教相違, *āgamaviruddha*), since it contradicts the *Saṃdhinirmocana-sūtra* (深密経) and others. Furthermore, Bhāviveka himself accepts that in the conventional mode (世俗門) dharmas such as form and sound have separate self-natures. The reason (hetu) is also indeterminate (不定, *anaikānta*). There is also "other-side indeterminacy" (他不定, *paravyabhicāra*). In our position (護法の宗), the Seventh Consciousness (末那識) is not encompassed by the six consciousnesses, yet it has a separate substance.
Master Xīng (興法師) explains: the reason has "one-sided non-establishment" (因随一不成, *ekadeśāsiddha*). According to Dharmapāla's position, the ālayavijñāna is accepted as encompassed within the six consciousnesses. If not, it would contradict the *Xiǎngyáng lun* (顕揚論, *Mahāyānasaṃgraha-*related text), which says "the ālayavijñāna is encompassed within the six consciousnesses." Thus Dharmapāla does not accept (the reason). This reason has "one-sided non-establishment." From this it is clearly known: the Xīmíng (master's) construction of the fault of "indeterminacy" (不定) in the reason is definitively without basis. For full details, see *Biǎn liàng* (貶量), Chapter Ten.
Q: In a common inference (共比量), can there be the fault of "other-side indeterminacy" (他不定)? If one says "no," how does the Tripiṭaka Master's (Xuanzang's) syllogism come to have "self-indeterminacy" (自不定) and "other-side indeterminacy" and so on? If one says "yes," then the reason "because of dependent origination" (*pratītyasamutpāda*) has "other-side indeterminacy": "Because things like illusions arise from conditions, conditioned dharmas are empty" — or "because the Eighth Consciousness (which we accept) arises from conditions, conditioned dharmas are not empty." How is this fault to be blocked?
A: There is precisely this fault of the (Eighth) Consciousness. Hence it is called a "fallacious syllogism" (似比量, *abhāsānumāna*). If one says "the Eighth Consciousness of true nature is not empty," this violates one's own position (自宗). For one who objects in this way: if so, "conditioned dharmas are empty in true nature" also violates one's own position. Since both you (Bhāviveka) and I (Dharmapāla) together say that in terms of true nature one does not speak of "empty or not-empty," if
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### Lower Section
(you) say "empty" for the purpose of breaking your (opponent's) attachment, then I likewise say "not-empty" only for the purpose of breaking your attachment. How can (you) escape this fault?
Q: If both positions (二宗, Bhāviveka and Dharmapāla) equally say "true nature" (真性) yet do not commonly accept the meaning of "empty" or "not-empty," and this is called "non-establishment" (不成), then (by analogy,) since both positions equally say "sound" (声) yet do not commonly accept whether it is "permanent" (常) or "impermanent" (無常), there ought to be a fault of "non-establishment."
A: "Permanent" or "impermanent" is not the intrinsic meaning (正義) of "sound." Only the meaning of "material resistance" (質礙義, *sapratighatva*) is the proper intrinsic meaning (正義) of sound. The meaning of "permanent" or "impermanent" is a secondary meaning (別義) of sound, not its primary intrinsic meaning — hence they cannot be treated as analogous cases.
Q: The intrinsic meaning of "true nature" is the meaning of "neither empty nor existent" (非空非有). Yet "empty" and "existent" are two meanings derived from the secondary, contested meaning (諍の別義). How, then? The syllogism "sound is impermanent" has no fault of "partial non-establishment with respect to the predicate-dharma" (法一分不成過). Since it is like "true nature" — (should not "true nature" also have no such fault)?
A: Bhāviveka's meaning of "empty" is taken as the intrinsic meaning of "true nature," so the subject-term (有法) is not "established in common" (極成, *prasiddha*) — hence there is a "partial fault" (一分過). The syllogism about sound is not like this — hence they cannot be treated as analogous cases.
Q: By what (evidence) does one know that "material resistance" (質礙義) is the intrinsic meaning of sound?
A: Because within the category of the Five Aggregates (*pañca-skandha*), the meaning of "material resistance" is common (to all matter/色), and sound is accordingly encompassed within the aggregate of form (色蘊, *rūpa-skandha*). By this principle it is clearly known: the intrinsic meaning (正義) of sound is the meaning of material resistance (質礙義).
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## Section Two: Resolving the Faults of Xuanzang Tripiṭaka's Consciousness-Only Syllogism (玄奘三蔵唯識比量淨過決 第二)
The Tripiṭaka Master (Xuanzang) traveled throughout the Western Regions (西域) and, at the invitation of King Harṣa (戒日王), established the Consciousness-Only syllogism, saying: "Form established-in-common in the ultimate sense (真故極成色) does not depart from eye-consciousness (眼識). (Thesis.) Because it is self-accepted as being encompassed within the first three (sense-fields), not encompassed by the eye-faculty. (Reason.) Like eye-consciousness itself. (Example.)"
Explanation: The phrase "in the ultimate sense" (真故) contains two qualifications (簡別, *viśeṣaṇa*). First, it points to "conventional ultimate" (世俗勝義), to exclude the fault of the "non-learning worldly person" (非学世間). Second, it relies on the "distinctive ultimate of the Great Vehicle" (大乗殊勝義), to exclude the fault of "the worldly level of Hīnayāna learners" (小乗学者世間). The reason for this is as follows: "World" (世間) has two (types). The first is the "non-learning world" (非学世間), namely the laws commonly accepted by the worldly persons remaining after all learners/practitioners are excluded. The second is the "learners' world" (学者世間), namely the coarse dharmas known by all practitioners. If (the dharmas are) deep and subtle,