英語訳
【Right Page】
【Upper Section】
…(explaining it [the analogies of Viśvabhadra, etc.]) in detail. If one does not believe it, one should open (the scripture) and read it. Therefore, our school's (teaching) is decidedly the real teaching.
Question: If that is so, is there absolutely no provisional teaching within our own school?
Answer: If by "provisional" one means that fictitious provisional (teachings) have no reality and are therefore called "provisional," then there is no provisional teaching whatsoever. If one means to call the hidden, one-gate (mode of) teaching "provisional," we do not block that name.
Question: That all teachings are real is the position of our own school; other schools do not accept this and divide teachings into provisional and definitive. On what basis does the holy teaching establish the real meaning?
Answer: That the Buddha's words are all real is the most fundamental principle. In establishing the meaning of the real teaching on the basis of the Buddha's words, what disciple of the Buddha would find fault with this?
Question: Other schools' objections should be stated thus: "How can all the Buddha's words possibly be real teachings? The Hīnayāna scriptures and so forth are decidedly provisional."
Answer: Who says the lesser teaching is fictitious, provisional, and unreal? That is solely your (the other schools') claim—something we do not accept. These are merely hypothetical objections and are not really a problem at all. If one is able to debate the matter (properly), one will certainly be convinced. If one cannot debate, then one is simply a fool.
Question: If that is so, is treating the Dharma-characteristics (school) as a real teaching the same as treating the Hīnayāna as real?
Answer: In not being fictitious and provisional, all teachings are the same. Within what is not fictitious and provisional, the hidden and the manifest are different—as has already been established above. Why trouble oneself to ask again?
(Question:) If that is so, by what reasoning is the meaning of the manifestly real teaching established?
Answer: The texts and reasoning are as above; there should be many reasons. Now, taking the opportunity to make this clear once again: when relying upon and abiding in this teaching and viewing all teachings (from this perspective), all return to the real principle and nothing contradicts anything. This is precisely why (our teaching) surpasses the rest—it is the reason for its being complete and ultimate. If it were not complete and ultimate, how could this be so? Are the other teachings not the same as this? For what reason does one forcefully refuse to believe (our teaching) over and above what has already been said? One should clearly know: is it not the case that other schools' provisional teaching does not represent a fictitious meaning? If it is a fictitious meaning, is it not the confused attachment of later students?
Question: The teaching of the dharma-gate of dependent origination (緣生) as expounded by the Dharma-characteristics (school)—(the claim that it) is not real arising-and-ceasing and is different from the Hīnayāna—the meaning of that is not yet clear. Since it is already said that "whatever arises through dependent origination necessarily ceases," is that not the very meaning of real arising and real ceasing? If it is not real arising, why is it called "dependent origination"?
【Lower Section】
Answer: This question is the most crucial. Is this not where the source of slander lies? The confusion (顚倒) is extreme—what could compare to this? Now I will rectify this in detail. Listen carefully and reflect well. Dharmas of dependent origination are necessarily fictitious and empty (虛假). Dharmas of self-nature (自然) are necessarily real existences. Fictitious things lead to awakening; self-nature things lead to delusion. There are two kinds of self-nature: (1) self-nature without cause (無因自然); and (2) self-nature as cause (自然爲因). The eternally abiding, really existent primal nature (冥性, prakṛti) established by the Sāṃkhya outsiders (外道), which transforms into all dharmas—this is precisely such a view. The various schools of the Hīnayāna, though different from these (Sāṃkhya outsiders), have not yet eliminated dharma-clinging (法執). They do not believe in the ālayavijñāna and lack a consciousness capable of preserving (seeds). They cannot establish seeds as the direct cause-condition (親因縁). For this reason, they cannot analyze the four aspects (四分) of consciousness and do not believe in consciousness-only. Therefore, although they appear to establish the four conditions and six causes and to explain the meaning of dependent origination, they in fact fall back into the deluded view of adding (real existence) onto self-nature (自然增益妄見). The meaning of dependent origination is ultimately never established. As a result, the dharmas of arising and ceasing that they establish (involve) real arising and real ceasing—they are not at all fictitious, not non-existent, not seemingly-existent, not arising and ceasing like illusions. Therefore, from the (texts) beginning with the Yogācārabhūmi, the Vijñaptimātratā-siddhi, the Mahāyānasaṃgraha, and the Buddhabhūmi and so forth, down to the commentarial notes of scholars of the present day, all uniformly refute that outsider and Hīnayāna view of solid, self-nature, additive arising and ceasing, and establish the meaning of illusory conventional arising and conventional ceasing. Why? Because dharmas that arise from causes and conditions necessarily have no self-nature by principle. If they had self-nature, why would they depend on other conditions to come into being? How could a dharma that requires other (conditions) to be constituted have its own self-nature? Since (such dharmas) have no self-nature, how could they be real existences? Since they are not real existences, how could there be real arising? Since there is no real arising, how could there be real ceasing? Since there is no real arising and ceasing, how could they not be fictitious and empty? Since they are indeed fictitious and empty, how could there be no conventional arising and ceasing? If there were no conventional arising and ceasing, the meaning of "conventional" could not be established. Dharmas that do not arise and do not
【Left Page】
【Upper Section】
cease are necessarily true (real) rather than conventional, because conventional things necessarily depend on other (conditions), and to say "depending on other" is precisely the meaning of arising. In our school, the words "arising and ceasing" all universally carry this meaning. All instances should be understood accordingly. If one accepts the conventional but does not accept conventional arising, one fears that it would no longer be conventional at all and would necessarily fall into real existence, and the meaning of the inseparability of the fictitious (and the true) would be lost. Therefore one should say: definitively real dependent origination is in turn not dependent origination; non-arising fictitious (dharmas) are not at all fictitious—both revert to self-nature (svabhāva) and destroy the phenomenal characteristics (事相). If phenomenal characteristics are destroyed, whose rational nature (理性) would that be? Without phenomena, having principle (理) alone cannot be attained. One should know that the non-dual middle way of the Mahāyāna is the wondrous principle that all dharmas of form and mind arising from the conditioning power of one's own mind's discrimination are like illusions, like dreams—seemingly arising and seemingly ceasing—having no self-nature, with existence and non-existence and so forth at rest, neither arising nor ceasing. And yet (some) equate our school's dharma-gate of dependent origination with the Hīnayāna's fixed real arising and ceasing, and take the phenomenal characteristics of the non-dependent-origination self-nature and treat them in turn as the vividly apparent conventional (within) inner realization. Is that not a confusion within (already existing) confusion (顚倒の中の顚倒)? Reflect deeply and discern. Do not cause (this error) to spread again.
Question: Regarding the two-level middle way—this is still not definitively clear (to me). I humbly request that you explain it once more and remove others' doubts.
Answer: The intention of the Mādhyamika school (中宗) is to establish four levels of the two truths. Taking all of these together and discussing them, there are five levels of dharma-gate. The first is the realm of ordinary beings and those of the two vehicles. The second is the ten skillful means such as the illusory five aggregates (skandhas) and four noble truths. The third is the dharmas of the three natures and three non-natures. The fourth is the wondrous principle of equal, true emptiness. The fifth is the one true dharmadhātu that transcends verbal expression (廢詮). Among these five levels, the first—the persons and dharmas conceived by deluded minds (even though those of the two vehicles have awakened to the principle of the emptiness of persons, here they are considered deluded minds with respect to dharma-clinging)—is precisely the nature of the mentally constructed grasping (parikalpita-svabhāva). This is called "external objects." Now, the dharmas of consciousness-only which appear as a moon disc when this cloud of delusion is entirely cleared—these constitute the latter four levels. Definitively real arising and ceasing, and one-sidedly empty truth and so forth—all of these are here entirely extinguished and nothing whatsoever remains. However, within this
【Lower Section】
there are two (sub-)levels: (the level of) reliance upon verbal expression (依詮) and the level of transcending verbal expression (廢詮). The first three (levels) rely on verbal expression; the fourth transcends verbal expression. By "relying on verbal expression" is meant: in accordance with the capacity of the audience, relying on words to reveal and explain the fourth (level's) dharmas that transcend words. This has three levels: phenomena (事, such as illusory aggregates), principle (理, such as the three natures), and suchness (如, such as the two kinds of true suchness). This is called the "middle way of reliance upon verbal expression," since all of them depart from the two extremes. By "transcending verbal expression" is meant: what is personally realized within oneself—all conceptual thought is utterly cut off, and the fundamental nature illuminated in serene stillness naturally possesses the preceding three dharmas (phenomena, principle, and suchness). This is called the "middle way of transcending words." It surpasses the preceding gate. One should know: the dharma is one—namely, the phenomena, principle, and suchness of the middle (neither identical nor separate, yet both identical and separate; all meaning-gates are the middle)—but when expressed in words there are three levels. The innumerable holy teachings do not go beyond these three. And when verbal expression is transcended and (this dharma is) directly realized, it returns to the one truth. The inner realization of all Buddhas does not go beyond this one. Now this very wordlessness is in turn called "expounding the Dharma." The Dharmakāya expounding the Dharma and Vimalakīrti's non-duality (as expressed in silence) are based precisely on this meaning (for the sake of expression).
Question: As for the three levels of reliance upon verbal expression—why are they so (ordered)?
Answer: (They proceed) in order of progressive closeness to the true (suchness), and this is necessarily so by meaning. (This is done) in order to make it easy to enter the gate of truth and (to serve as the basis) for what comes after. By means of this skillful means, once one has already entered, one in turn fully possesses the preceding three (levels), with nothing lacking at all. In a single moment of interpenetration, (this is) unobstructed and all-encompassing (周圓). The distinction between the preceding three (levels) and the latter one (level) is simply whether they are (characterized by) conceptual establishment (安立) or not.
Question: The decisive judgment between nature (性) and characteristics (相)—what gate does this belong to?
Answer: There is no dharma-gate that does not involve nature and characteristics. However, if—relying on verbal expression and following phenomenal distinctions—one calls something "nature and characteristics," that is the second of the five levels. That is the so-called gate of the three categories (三科: aggregates, sense-bases, and elements) as like illusions. If one indicates the transcendence of verbal expression, it also pertains to the fifth. As stated above, one should know accordingly.
Question: The dharma-gate of Dharma-characteristics (Yogācāra) is something essential for sentient beings—why has it not spread widely and (instead) remains confined to one place?
Answer: If it were not essential teaching for sentient beings, why would the Tathāgata have expounded it? Why would the Next Buddha (Maitreya Bodhisattva) have propagated it? One has never heard of the great sage expounding a useless dharma. As for its not being widespread, there are many reasons for this.