英語訳
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Can one say there are no virtuous people among those men and women? Alas, is the Way of Heaven just or not? Even the Buddhist doctrine of karmic retribution—at this point, I struggle to comprehend it. Yet the profound and subtle principles of the universe are not something those of us here can hope to fathom. Even sages have not clearly explained human nature and the Way of Heaven. Moreover, when one sees before one's eyes two ten-thousandfold men and women losing their lives in the waves and their bodies left upon sandy shores, where is there time to speak again of karma or discourse on the Way of Heaven? There is nothing more urgent than sustaining the living, mourning the dead, and ensuring that both the living and the dead each receive their proper due. Therefore, for officials to fulfill their duties without resting day or night, and for the people to contribute their wealth out of a sense of solidarity with their fellow countrymen and devote themselves to relief—this is truly what may be called righteous conduct. Alas, among the people of the Sanriku coast, those who have died are truly to be mourned, yet no matter how one calls to them, they will not return. Whether those who survived the peril of the waves will be spared the affliction of starvation depends entirely upon the benevolence of men of compassion and goodwill. But can the current amount of charitable donations truly be distributed as relief to the disaster victims across fifty or sixty ri of coastline? One cannot say there is no regret that the relief has not yet reached everyone.
In the first place, nothing is more terrible in its destructiveness than water, and among floods, the sudden eruption of a tsunami is the most terrible of all. War and epidemic only take human life and seldom affect material things. Even if property is plundered or fires break out during war, they do not extend to destroy the fields. Moreover, these disasters can be anticipated to some degree, so there are ways to avoid them. Even in the case of earthquakes, there is open ground outdoors that remains unharmed; and fires, however fierce, rarely kill people. Both leave garden vegetables and paddy rice unchanged in color. Great storms, though they fill heaven and earth much like water, are not known to sweep dozens of ri flat or kill tens of thousands of people. Even if buildings collapse and people and livestock are crushed to death, as long as no fire breaks out, property can still largely be preserved, and survivors can obtain some means to avoid starvation. With water, however, when the vast, surging flood rises to its full height, nothing—whether people, livestock, or buildings—can remain intact. In the area directly affected, heaven and earth are entirely water, and there is no place to entrust one's body or possessions.
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However, it is rare for river flooding to arrive all at once. It is the norm for prolonged rain to arrive first, then for the water to overflow from upstream and gradually increase the volume of the rivers, spreading across the land. Thus, riverside inhabitants can observe the warning signs of flooding, prepare in advance, and escape the disaster. Volcanic eruptions may cause mudflows, but since such areas are bounded by mountain ranges, there is no precedent for floods turning several ri into sea. The open sea is different: it stretches flat and wide to the horizon, and towns and villages generally build their homes along the shore. Thus if the sea rises ten *jō*, it will reach a height of one hundred feet on land. As far as the water's force extends, it pours in along the shore, sweeping through fields and houses alike, leaving no escape for anything except flying birds. Furthermore, like earthquakes, tsunamis give no advance warning. This is why, once the sea water rises above the level of the houses, the disaster ultimately reaches its extreme. The case of Sanriku is truly one of suffering the most extreme of such calamities.
The devastating harm that tsunamis inflict on human life and homes is easy for people to see and hear, and it naturally stirs feelings of grief and compassion; but the economic damage it causes to society beyond this is not to be compared with other disasters in the same breath. For once the land within the reach of the tsunami's height is entirely transformed into ocean, the rice seedlings standing in the paddies, the ripened wheat in the fields, and countless other crops, as well as young forests and saplings, are of course swept away by the violent waves; those submerged beneath the floodwaters, or those that cannot escape withering from the saline residue after the water recedes, represent great losses. In particular, roads destroyed, bridges washed away, embankments broken, river channels altered, and everything belonging to the commons—shrines, temples, schools, village offices, and factories—as well as everything in private ownership—houses, storehouses, boats, farming tools, fishing equipment, furniture, livestock, vehicles, and graves—all must be newly constructed in the disaster area before any semblance of human society can function again. In other words, dealing with the disaster zone stretching dozens of ri along the coast is no different from shrinking the nation's territory and then newly expanding it again. If one were to calculate the total of what has been lost and what must be newly built, how enormous would the cost be? Though statistics cannot be compiled immediately, if calculated in detail, the damage would be
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extraordinarily immense. The previous year's Nōbi Earthquake destroyed people and buildings, but the damage to fields and trees was comparatively minor. This time, the Sanriku tsunami has turned the flat coastal land entirely into saltmarsh. Therefore, when comparing the damage to that of the Nōbi earthquake, how many times worse it may prove to be is also something we cannot fully know.
Our great empire, riding the prestige of its victory over Qing China, has already distinguished itself with honor, and its economy is also trending toward development, with commerce and industry advancing rapidly—and at this very moment this disaster has occurred. This may not be sufficient to impede the nation's grand economy, but within the affected region it has brought stagnation to all affairs and inevitably causes some harm to the national economy. To rescue and restore the victims is not merely to show compassion for the plight of the disaster victims and bestow relief; on a larger scale, it is to assist in the process of restoring the national economy. All the more so since, upon hearing of the hardships of the disaster victims, even if there were some obstruction to the national economy, there is in any case an undeniable moral obligation to provide relief. Our *Fūzoku Gahō* [Customs Illustrated], upon hearing of the Sanriku disaster, is recording its actual conditions in text and illustration for publication—not solely for the purpose of transmitting it to posterity as historical material, but also with the humble intention of setting forth the details of that tragic situation and appealing to men of compassion and goodwill to seek relief. If among the many accomplished men of the world, amid the warmth of family gatherings and the prosperity of their businesses, there are those who open this pictorial report, surely when they cast their eyes toward the northeast, how could they not feel a pang of sorrow?
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**The Cause of the Tsunami**
Regarding the great tsunami that struck the Sanriku coastal region this time, various speculative theories have been put forward, but since there is as yet no report from experts, it is not possible to arrive at a conclusive academic explanation. However, there is no doubt that the cause of waves on the sea must necessarily be one of three things: tsunami, storm, or earthquake. As to which of these underlies the great Sanriku tsunami, the special circumstances of tidal currents and the topography of bays and harbors, combined with the collision between river water flowing in from the land and ocean currents, can cause the excess force to overflow onto the land—but the area affected is extremely limited, and cannot produce a large-scale tsunami such as occurred this time. Next, storms blowing fiercely near the coast, and of course storms passing far out at sea at a distance of hundreds of ri, can raise waves on the sea surface, and the residual force can, after one or several days have passed and on a clear and fine day, suddenly send a great tsunami toward the shore. Thus it is not uncommon for unexpected tsunamis to be caused by storms. As for the relationship between earthquakes and tsunamis, this is well known to the public, so there is no need to elaborate at length. It is only necessary to know that earthquakes can produce protrusions or depressions in the ocean floor, or may trigger volcanic eruptions, and thus depending on the particular circumstances, the wave motion on the sea surface may take various forms. If both storm and earthquake are plausible causes, which of the two does the present great tsunami belong to? As described above, it is difficult to state definitively; however, considering that before and after the great tsunami, minor tremors were felt several times in the affected area and various other localities, the theory that its cause was an undersea earthquake seems credible. As for the precise location of the epicenter, since these matters cannot easily be known without awaiting detailed reports and obtaining thorough data, it is not possible to say easily at present—but since the earthquake zone extended from Tokyo, Chōshi, Utsunomiya, Nagano, and Niigata, surrounding the Tōhoku region and reaching Yamagata, Aomori, Hakodate, Erimo and so on, with as many as several dozen minor tremors recorded in each place, and since the most intense tsunami struck the coastal area between Kamaishi and Shizugawa, it is estimated that the epicenter was most likely in the offshore area corresponding to approximately 146 degrees east longitude and 38 degrees north latitude.
**Report of the Miyako Meteorological Observatory**
According to the report of the Miyako Meteorological Observatory regarding this tsunami: "The tsunami on the night of the 15th was an unprecedented large tsunami since the Ansei era, and not only the eastern coastal area of this prefecture but also the coastal areas of neighboring prefectures all suffered damage to varying degrees. Forty years ago, on the 23rd day of the 7th month of Ansei 3 [by the lunar calendar], around noon, although the earthquake was very strong and frequent, the tsunami did not present such a tragic situation as this time, as the elders say. Now, to briefly describe the situation at the time of the present tsunami: the weather had been gloomy the day before, with rain and mist, and both atmospheric pressure and temperature were higher than usual for this time of year, when at 6:32:30 in the afternoon there was a slightly weak tremor, with a duration of one-fifth of a minute..."