英語訳
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...should be said.
**Article 19: A Theory Attributing the Cause to a Landslide, with Its Center Located Offshore of Taro Village**
*On the center point of the landslide:* I must inform the reader that while various doctors and scholars of relevant fields have offered speculative theories concerning this great tsunami, I have yet to hear of anyone who has clearly observed the situation on the ground. I have been eager to identify this center point: previously I recorded the theory of the director of the Miyako Meteorological Observatory, and in several preceding items I have presented facts deserving special attention. Using these clearly stated facts together with those described below, I shall indicate the center point I have concluded upon.
**The center of the landslide lies in the sea two to three ri offshore from Taro Village.**
The tsunami that struck Taro Village was in reality two great surging tides rushing in from the north and south. Of these two surges, the southern portion grazed the Kurosaki promontory at the head of Miyako Bay and came to the waters off Taro; the northern portion also came to the waters off Taro; and when the two tides collided and struck one another, the resulting great wave — with a force more than one *jō* higher than the houses of Taro — crushed Taro Village and rushed toward the mountains behind it, where its force increased yet further, surging tens of *jō* into the sky, it is said. This single fact most firmly confirms my theory: because the seafloor off Taro underwent a landslide, the sea level dropped in the slipped area, and the two great tides from north and south, seeking to fill the lowered area, advanced toward the slipped portion and produced there a great collision that made their force ferocious — this is the most easily understood principle of all. Moreover, it is said that the seafloor near Taro was exposed as the tide withdrew completely; and consulting the observatory director's theory that the center point lies between the present location and Nemuro, being closer to the present location, the fact that the center point lies offshore of Taro cannot be disputed. Furthermore, along the coast north of Taro: it is said that Matsushima tilted southward and sank into the sea; that the mouth of the Ohmoto River deepened; that the pine grove of Suga sank together with people, livestock, and houses — not one of these fails to confirm my theory. Though I am not well-versed in physical geography, I record this especially because the facts demonstrate incontrovertible logic, and submit it to those expert in the field.
*[Editorial commentary:] Since a landslide occurs along a line in a certain direction, what part of that line does the so-called "center point" refer to? Reflecting carefully on the author's theory, it seems to point to what might be called a "slab-collapse earthquake" (a "slab-collapse earthquake" refers to an earthquake in which a certain stretch of ground suddenly collapses — examples include the collapse earthquake in the East Indies, the collapse of Lake Hamana, and the collapse of Lake Towada). Furthermore, taking note that Taro Village in Kamihei District suffered the most catastrophic damage, and then using the behavior of the tidal forces to immediately determine the epicenter to be offshore of that same village — and presuming that the great tsunamis in Rikuzen, Mutsu, and other regions were merely residual effects of this — is also impossible to excuse from the charge of gross over-hasty judgment. Does not the fact that the earthquake and tsunami struck the Sanriku coast at nearly the same moment demonstrate sufficiently that the waters off Taro were not the center of the seismic activity?*
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**Article 20: A Theory Recognizing a Volcanic Eruption as the Cause**
*[Editorial commentary:] Seeing that pumice stone was cast ashore in abundance at certain places by this tsunami, some people concluded that a volcanic eruption occurred on the seafloor far offshore, that the pumice ejected by this volcano drifted ashore via the tsunami, and going one step further, attributed the ultimate cause of the tsunami to this volcanic eruption. If this theory could be proven accurate, it might indeed constitute a new theory; however, looking back at the ancient history of the Tōhoku region, there were periods when volcanoes erupted vigorously, and the pumice emitted in large quantities at that time is currently distributed from north of Hachinohe to the Kuril Islands, sometimes constituting geological strata. The pumice that sank and settled in the sea at that time must also have been considerable in quantity. It is probably entirely reasonable to think that this pumice was cast up on shore by this great wave. Therefore, to immediately conclude from the drifting of pumice that a volcanic eruption occurred at sea is not yet sufficient to be believed.*
**Article 21: A Theory Attributing the Cause to a Landslide on a Steeply Inclined Seafloor**
The cause was probably a great landslide that occurred along the incline between the Tuscarora Deep — known as the deepest part of the Pacific — and the seafloor near Sanriku. The reason being that it resembles the Nemuro earthquake of two years ago, and the fault also falls into that same category. The center of the landslide was probably at the midpoint between Nemuro and the present location, being considerably closer to the present location.
*[Editorial commentary:] I believe the landslide theory indeed has value as one possible explanation for the seismic cause. While the resemblance to the Nemuro earthquake is plausible, saying "the fault also falls into that same category" seems to leave its meaning somewhat unexpressed. Furthermore, saying "the center point is in the middle between Miyako and Nemuro, considerably close to the present location" treats a landslide as though it has a center point — and in this respect it shares the same mistaken view as Article 19.*
**Article 22: A Theory Attributing the Cause to a Great Uplifting or Landslide on a Seafloor Far from Land**
Regarding the catastrophic tsunami that occurred around 8 p.m. on the 15th along the eastern coasts of Fukushima, Miyagi, Iwate, and Aomori — that is, the seashore facing the Pacific Ocean — as described in a separate section: according to an official of the Central Meteorological Observatory, the earthquakes accompanying the tsunami this time occurred from around 6 p.m. on the 15th through the morning of the 16th: thirty-three times in Aomori, twenty-six times in Tokyo, fifteen times in Fukushima, ten times in Kōfu, seven times in Yamagata, twice in Sakai, twice in Hikone,
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twice in Utsunomiya, and once each in Hakodate, Nemuro, Niigata, Chōshi, and Ishinomaki. Considering that despite such a large number of occurrences, the seismic force was extremely feeble while the area of sensation was vast, it is probable that in the sea very far from land there was a great upheaval (which would mean a volcanic eruption if on land) or a great landslide, whose aftereffects eventually became a great tsunami, it was said.
*[Editorial commentary:] Attributing all the earthquakes from 6 p.m. on the 15th through the morning of the 16th as having the same cause as the Sanriku earthquake is somewhat strained reasoning for a seismically active country like Japan. Nevertheless, the conclusion that "considering the seismic force was extremely feeble while the area of sensation was vast, it is probable that there was an upheaval or landslide in the sea very far from land, whose aftereffects eventually became a great tsunami" is a point with which we strongly agree. However, annotating "great upheaval in the sea" as meaning "volcanic eruption if on land" cannot escape being characterized as a layman's conjecture. Generally, the uplift of a vast ground surface results from crustal contraction; uplift due to volcanic action is confined to small areas. Furthermore, there is a theory that at the extremely deep seafloor, where tremendous pressure is exerted, molten rock ejected through cracks would not mix with water and would simply accumulate on the seafloor surface, but clearly the existence of a submarine volcano must first be confirmed before any discussion of this kind can proceed.*
**Article 23: A Theory Holding That the Center Point Is Located Near the Sanriku Coast**
"It must be off the Kinkasan in Miyagi Prefecture." "It is because Mt. Iwate in Iwate Prefecture rumbled." "The cause of the tsunami was discovered in the ocean more than twenty ri from Shizugawa." — Such groundless speculations were enumerated and aimless blind debates carried on, which is what people tend to do in the face of a great calamity. However, it is now truly surprising and even gratifying that a location with conspicuous telltale signs has actually been discovered.
As we have just reported by telegram, Urishima in Kitahei District, Iwate Prefecture, is a small island about 350 *ken* offshore from Udanohata Village. However, following this tsunami disaster, the orientation of this small island has completely changed, and it has been discovered that what was to the left has tilted to the right.
In this vicinity, a great boulder approximately eight or nine *ken* in length had been submerged about one foot below the water's surface, but simultaneously with the great disaster, this boulder was found to have been overturned and fallen approximately 700–800 *ken* in the direction of the land.
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At the waterfront of Ojima-no-Koshi hamlet in Udanohata Village, one corner of a large flat boulder called "Tarai-jima," measuring three *ken* square, was found to have been scattered about 200 *ken* toward the land. Furthermore, a large boulder beside Tatsugo Island (near the mouth of the Ohmoto River) flew more than 500 *ken* toward the land and now stands upright in the middle of the Ohmoto River.
The entire topography of this vicinity has changed completely: large boulders not previously seen are appearing one after another in various places, and the riverbed has become entirely shallower — this is fact. Moreover, the time of the tsunami disaster in this area was one hour earlier in its seismic activity compared to Kamaishi, Ōtsuchi, Yamada, and the like; and furthermore, at around 7:30 p.m. on the day in question (the 15th), a great tremor began, and before the tsunami was even seen, villages were destroyed and people and livestock perished — considering this evidence, the center point of this disaster must be offshore, not far from the three villages of Ohmoto, Udanohata, and Fudai. The height reached by the tsunami on that day is reported to have been well over fifty feet.
*[Editorial commentary:] Where the great waves with their immeasurable sweeping power make contact — even with islands — if the geological structure is fragile, scooping away a portion of the base or rolling a great boulder from one location to another (though the text says "flew and fell," which is difficult to believe) is not at all so surprising. However, as for the statement at the end — that in the vicinity of Ohmoto, seismic activity began about one hour earlier than at Kamaishi, Ōtsuchi, and Yamada; that a great tremor began at around 7:30 p.m. on the 15th; and that villages were destroyed and people and livestock perished before the tsunami arrived — there is only this one report. The report of the Iwate Prefecture Governor contains no mention of this, and the seismic observation record of the Miyako Meteorological Observatory also records only a slight tremor at 7:32:30 p.m. Since Miyako is only about seven ri away, it is inconceivable that a tremor strong enough to destroy villages would not appear in the observations. While it appears that the greatest damage was in this area, it is difficult to easily agree that the center point was definitely located not far offshore.*
*(Continued in the next issue.)*
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**○ Articles**
**● Imperial Envoy of Condolence**
Disaster victims moved to tears by Imperial benevolence. When the Higashizono Imperial Chamberlain came to the Sanriku region, bearing the Imperial will, the roads were still blocked and passage was not free, but the Chamberlain paid not the slightest heed...