英語訳
**[Page 2, Upper Section]**
Regarding the character *wei* 位 ("position/rank"), the *Shiming* [*Explanation of Terms*] states: "Wei means to stand." The *Shuowen* [*Explaining Writing*] also states: "Wei means to be arrayed." Because the lines (*yao* 爻) are arrayed and displayed, they are called *wei*. Since there are already six *wei*, one says "six positions" (*liuwei*). These are the six lines (*liuyao*). The word *yao* (rhyming with "effect/imitate") means "to model upon" or "to practice." The *yao* are the strokes (*hua*) of the *Yi* [hexagrams]. Distributed among and modeled upon the six lines, they represent (*fang-xiao*) the ten thousand phenomena.
When explained in terms of human affairs: the first position corresponds to a *shi* (lower official/scholar); the second to a *dafu* (grandee); the third to the *sangong* (Three Ducal Ministers); the fourth to the feudal lords (*zhuhou*); the fifth to the Son of Heaven (emperor); and the sixth to the ancestral temple (*zongmiao*).
However, when the three-line trigram was first created, it could not encompass all the ten thousand phenomena. Therefore it was doubled, yielding the six lines. The three lines are precisely the "three powers" (*sancai*): Heaven, Earth, and Human. Each of these three has both *ti* (substance) and *yong* (function). The three substances are the three powers. Heaven's function is *yin* and *yang*. Earth's function is hardness (*gang*) and softness (*rou*). Humanity's function is benevolence (*ren*) and righteousness (*yi*).
Furthermore, this *Zhouyi* (*I Ching*, Book of Changes) was created by three sages. Who were they? The *Yi* says: [*Qian* below, *Qian* above ☰☰ — the three lines above and below together making six: these are the positions of the six lines. These were drawn by Fuxi; at that time, written script did not yet exist.] At the time when Heaven and Earth had not yet separated, they were blended in pure undifferentiated unity, like the inside of an egg. The yang-qi ascended and clarified to become Heaven; the yin-qi descended and congealed to become Earth. Humans and things were born within this [Heaven and Earth] by responding to yin and yang.
As the scriptures say, only at the time of King Wen were the hexagram characters (*guazi*) first created. "Hexagram" (*gua*) means "to hang" (*gua*). The *Zhouyi*, like empty space, contains the ten thousand phenomena; through the eight trigrams (*bagua*), it encompasses all things. Hence the term *gua*. The Duke of Zhou created the line-statement characters (*yaozi*), explaining each of the six lines in detail separately. King Wen summarized all six lines in his explanation. Confucius created the "Ten Wings" (*shiyi*). Thus Fuxi, King Wen, the Duke of Zhou, and Confucius together make "four sages," yet they are called "three sages" because the Duke of Zhou was the son of King Wen and is not listed separately.
"Subtle and refined" (*jingwei* 精微) refers to the profound depth of the Way of the *Yi*, which is difficult to fathom — hence the name *jingwei*.
Regarding "Image and Wings" (*xiang-yi* 象翼) —
**[Page 2, Lower Section]**
Some say it is incorrect that the Duke of Zhou created the *Xiang* [Image commentaries]. Within the Ten Wings created by Confucius, there are the Upper and Lower *Xiang* commentaries, and these are the "*xiang*" referred to here. In that case, *xiang* (Image) and *yi* (Wings) are different things; "*yi*" refers to all [Ten Wings] collectively. Outside of the "Wings," there is no separate *xiang*. "Wings" (*yi*) means the "Ten Wings." *Yi* means "feathered wings." Confucius praised and illuminated the images of the *Yi* [hexagrams] and served as the "wings" [supporting it].
A certain scholar (*hakase*) states: The *xiang* are not the *xiang* within the Ten Wings. "*Xiang*" refers to the root — the writing of King Wen. "*Yi*" (Wings) refers to the branches — the transmissions of Confucius.
Regarding "筌理" (*quanli*, "using the fish-trap to seek the principle"): Fish are caught with a fish-trap (*quan*); hares are caught with a snare (*ti*). By means of these traps and snares one seeks fish and hares. Once the fish and hare are caught, the trap and snare may be discarded. The trap and snare are metaphors for the "teaching that expresses" (*neng-quan zhi jiao*), and the fish and hare are metaphors for the "principle that is expressed" (*suo-quan zhi li*). (This [metaphor] comes from *Zhuangzi*.)
Regarding "the two texts being mysterious and wondrous" (*erpian xuanmiao* 二篇玄妙): This comes from the Daoist tradition. "Two texts" (*erpian*) refers to the *Laozi* in two parts (*pian*), eighty-one chapters, and over five thousand characters. *Pian* means a book or a compilation. The reason for there being two *pian* is that they take Heaven and Earth as their images (*xiang*): the Way (*Dao*) comes first and Virtue (*De*) comes after. The [*Daodejing*] scripture states: "The nobility of the Way, the preciousness of Virtue" — Heaven is above and Earth is below. Heaven generates through the four seasons; Earth completes through the five phases.
Regarding "Laozi": it is called "Laozi" (*Old Master*) because he is both "old" (*lao*) and a "master" (*zi*). It thus addresses two schools: first, the school of the Way (*dao-jia*), and second, the school of Virtue (*de-jia*). Because there are two volumes, it is difficult to comprehend [as a whole]. This is one of the "Three Mysterious [Classics]" (*sanxuan*).
Regarding "Way and Virtue" (*daode*): the Way is the root, and Virtue is the branch. "*Dao*" means method/art (*shu*), referring to the Way of classical learning and political instruction. "*De*" (Virtue) means "to attain/obtain" (*de* 得): one beautifies that to which one returns such that nothing is left unattained. Hence the term "having virtue" (*youde*). Its substance consists of loyalty (*zhong*), trustworthiness (*xin*), integrity (*zhen*), and sincerity (*shi*).
Now, in speaking of Way and Virtue: [the Dao] is pregnant with *qi* and harbors essence (*jing*); it is supremely empty and supremely unified; it responds to the multitude of changes while remaining ever tranquil; it gives birth to the ten thousand things while having no mind [of intention]. It does not act, yet there is nothing that is left undone; it does not transform, yet there is nothing left untransformed.
**[Page 3, Upper Section]**
Like the echo of a secluded valley responding to sound, it does not obstruct the differences between *gong* and *shang* [the various tones of music]. Like a bright mirror reflecting things, it does not discriminate between the distinctions of evil and good.
Regarding "mysterious and wondrous" (*xuanmiao*): Laozi says, "Mysterious and yet more mysterious — the gateway to all wonders" (*Daodejing*, Chapter 1). Hence the phrase "mysterious and wondrous."
Regarding "Meng and Lie" (*Menglie* 蒙列): "Meng" refers to Zhuang Zhou (Zhuangzi). Zhuang Zhou's surname was Zhuang, his given name was Zhou, and he was a person from Meng County in the state of Song. "Lie" refers to Liezi, who mastered the art of the Wind Immortal (*feng-xian*) and traveled by riding the wind, earning the title "Wind Immortal." The *Liezi* consists of eight volumes, and the *Zhuangzi* consists of thirty-two volumes. The "two texts" [of the *Laozi*] are mysterious and wondrous; relying on Meng [Zhuangzi] and Lie [Liezi] to penetrate their depths, [the text] says "probing the essential points."
Regarding "探機" (*tanji*, "probing the subtle points"): *Ji* 機 means "subtle" (*wei* 微). The subtle Way (*ji-wei zhi dao*) is without form, without sound, and cannot be traced. It is only by relying on the resonances of Meng and Lie that one can find it. *Tan* 探 means "to take from the depths; to probe deeply." Hence [the passage] from "the six positions being subtle and refined" to "probing the essential points" is explained as above.
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**"How much more so: that which is neither existent nor empty — [it] quiets discrimination and disputation beyond the realm of the 'word-snare'; that which neither arises nor ceases — [it] cuts off names and marks at the norm of eternal tranquility."**
The following [portion] is the second [section of the preface], which presents the teaching of Śākyamuni [Buddhism]. Within the Buddhist teaching, first [the text] presents the profundity of the principle and the difficulty of apprehending it; next, from the [phrase about] *jue* ("awakening") onward, it presents those who have realized this principle — namely the Buddha and Maitreya.
Regarding "how much more so: neither existent nor empty" and "neither arising nor ceasing": The *Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra* states: "True Prajñā is neither existent nor non-existent, neither arising nor ceasing; it cannot be explained or demonstrated." The commentary by Master Zhao [Senzhao, 384–414 CE] explains: When one says "not existent" (*fei you*), this means "it is stated that it is not existent" — it does not mean "it is stated that it is [something to be] negated as existent." When one says "not non-existent" (*fei wu*), this means "it is stated that it is not non-existent" — it does not mean "it is stated that it is [something to be] negated as non-existent." Thus "not existent" is not [the same as] "non-existent," and "not non-existent" is not [the same as] "existent." For this reason, Subhūti expounded Prajñā the entire day and yet there was nothing that was expounded (etc.).
To state it directly: the true principle that is realized transcends the two extremes of existence and non-existence, hence it is called "neither existent nor empty." And since it has neither arising nor ceasing, it is called "neither arising nor ceasing."
**[Page 3, Lower Section]**
**"The Supremely Awakened One (*zhijue*) illuminates its essence from on high; the Great Sage (*jiangsheng*) alone discerns its governing principle."**
This next [phrase] presents those who have realized the principle. "The Supremely Awakened One" (*zhijue*) refers to the Great Awakened Tathāgata (the Buddha). "The Great Sage" (*jiangsheng*) refers to the Venerable Maitreya. Some say that "Great Sage" refers to the Buddha himself, the great sage — and if both *zhijue* and *jiangsheng* refer to the Buddha, why the redundancy? Therefore the earlier interpretation [that *jiangsheng* = Maitreya] is preferable. *Jiang* 將 means "great." *Jian* 甄 means "to make clear/manifest." *Zai* 宰 means "root/fundamental." "*Jiangsheng*" comes from the *Analects* (chapter "Zihan"). "Zai" also means "to cut apart" (*zaige*), found in *Zhuangzi*.
**"Wordless words — like the wind concealing the deep-hued splendor while the moon remains profoundly mysterious. Non-existent existence — like waves surging up through the calm subtle patterns while the sea is fathomlessly deep."**
This [passage] presents the words and teachings spoken by the Buddha. "Startle" (*jing*) means "to awaken." Just as a gentle breeze stirs the plants and trees, causing buds to sprout and flowers to bloom, so too the Buddhist teaching awakens sentient beings, causing the sprout of the Way to grow and the flower of the seven factors of awakening (*qi-jue*, saptabodhyaṅga) to open.
"*Tao*" 韜 means "to conceal and store." "*Sui*" 邃 means "profound and distant." "*Cai*" 彩 means "radiant splendor." [The image is:] like the mysterious moon high in the sky, adorned with radiant splendor, its reflection appearing in the midst of ten thousand bodies of water. The Buddhist teaching is likewise: adapting to all manner of faculties (*wanji*), it manifests within the mirror of the minds of sentient beings.
Regarding "non-existent existence" (*feiyou zhi you*) and so forth: this presents the mystery of the teaching and indicates the profundity of the principle.
Regarding "海𤀹" (*hai jun*, the sea being fathomlessly deep): *jun* 𤀹 means "deep." The principle that is expounded is serene and supremely profound. "*Zhan*" 湛 means "full," "tranquil," "still water that does not flow," and "subtle and minute." One variant text writes 涵 (*han*, "immersed/sunken"), but the character 幽 (*you*, "subtle/hidden") is more appropriate. "*Zhang*" 章 means "beauty," "brightness," and also "pattern/coloring."