英語訳
**[Page 2, Front]** *(Continuation of Table of Contents)*
Section 2: The Five Vehicles *(appended: Variant views in various sūtras and śāstras; scriptural evidence for fixed spiritual lineages; scriptural evidence for those without spiritual lineage)*
Section 3: The Three Kinds of Icchantika (those who sever the roots of goodness)
Section 4: The Three Categories of Those Without Spiritual Lineage
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**Glossary of Terms of the Mahāyāna Hossō Sect, Volume 1, Part One** *(First of sixteen fascicles)*
**Chapter 1: Explaining the Vessel World** *(appended: The World of Sentient Beings)*
**The Three Realms**
First, the Desire Realm *(Kāmadhātu)*: Named the "Desire Realm" because it possesses three desires: (1) the desire for food, (2) the desire for sexual union, and (3) the desire for sleep. See *Shōshaku* [Commentary on the Compendium], fascicle 1.
Second, the Form Realm *(Rūpadhātu)*: Named the "Form Realm" because it possesses material form.
Third, the Formless Realm *(Arūpadhātu)*: Named the "Formless Realm" because it lacks material form.
The Desire Realm also has Five Destinies *(separately, there are Twenty Places)*. The *Abhidharmakośa*, fascicle 8, states: "Hells, animals, hungry ghosts, humans, and the six heavens of desire—these are called the Twenty of the Desire Realm, owing to the distinctions among the hells and continents" (end of quote). Commentary: The Eight Hot Hells *(the Eight Cold Hells are not discussed here)*, the realm of animals, the realm of hungry ghosts *(ten places thus far)*, the Four Great Continents, and the Six Heavens of Desire *(together making twenty places)*.
**The Five Destinies**
1. The Destiny of Hell-beings
2. The Destiny of Hungry Ghosts
3. The Destiny of Animals
4. The Destiny of Humans
5. The Destiny of Gods
When Asuras are added, these become the Six Paths *(rokudō)*.
**The First Destiny: Hell**
Also called *Naraka* (Sanskrit). This is translated as "Vessel of Suffering" *(苦器)*. Also called "Not Pleasurable" *(不可楽)* and "Not a Place to Walk" *(非行処)*—a place where unlawful acts are committed. *(Editorial note: It is suspected that the characters 行処 ["place of conduct"] have been accidentally omitted after* 法 *["dharma/law"].)* There are three kinds of hell:
**First: The Root Hells.** These are the Eight Hot Hells and the Eight Cold Hells.
**Second: The Peripheral Hells** *(Neighboring Hells)*. Each of the Eight Hot Hells has sixteen subsidiary hells *(zō)*. That is, because there are four subsidiary hells outside each of the four gates, they total sixteen. Therefore the root verse states: "Skillfully arranged in measured disposition, each having sixteen subsidiary hells" (etc.). They are called "peripheral" because they are near the root hells.
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**[Page 3, Front]**
The name "hell" exists in various locations; the term is used with reference to the primary location. In Sanskrit, *Naraka* is translated as "the wicked one." Because those who commit evil deeds are born within this vessel, it is called the "Vessel of Suffering." There is no fixed name "hell"; it is not limited to any fixed place, and it is not found only beneath the earth (etc.). *(See Gensan [Biānzhōng], fascicle 2, and the Commentary on the Vimalakīrtinirdeśa Sūtra, fascicle 5. The meaning of the Six Destinies is found in Gensan, fascicle 6; be sure to consult it.)*
**Third: Solitary Hells** *(Pratyeka-naraka)*. These exist in mountain valleys, open wilderness, beneath trees, and in the air—in single or multiple locations—where beings receive the retribution for their misdeeds. That is to say, sentient beings experience these individually according to the force of their own karma. Because these differ from the Eight Cold and Eight Hot Hells, they are called "Solitary Hells." The Eight Hot Hells have the sixteen peripheral hells as their retinue; the Eight Cold Hells have no such retinue. See *Shōshaku*, fascicle 3, and the Commentary, fascicle 6.
**The Eight Hot Hells**
**First: The Hell of Revival** *(Sañjīva)*
In the empty sky, a great voice declares: "Let these sentient beings revive! Let them revive!" (etc.). By this, the sentient beings suddenly rise up as before, and the instruments of torment return to inflict residual harm upon them—hence this name.
**Second: The Hell of Black Cords** *(Kālasūtra)*
The hell-wardens bind the beings with black cords, dividing them into four sections or into various patterns and figures. Then they hack, chop, and shave them—suffering various torments in this manner—hence this name.
**Third: The Hell of Crushing** *(Saṃghāta)*
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The hell-wardens drive and force the beings to enter between two great iron mountains. Once they have entered, the two mountains close in and press against them. After being crushed, blood pours out from every opening of the body—hence this name. This hell has three forms of suffering: (1) being pressed between the two mountains, (2) being crushed in an iron trough, and (3) falling from an iron mountain.
**Fourth: The Hell of Wailing** *(Raurava)*
The beings seek a dwelling place and enter a great iron chamber. Upon entering, a great fire immediately arises and burns them. Tormented by the intense pain, they cry out and wail. Because they suffer for a long time, this becomes the name.
**Fifth: The Hell of Great Wailing** *(Mahāraurava)*
The iron chamber encloses them like a placental membrane. The suffering surpasses that of the previous hell, and the voices raised are consequently louder—hence this name.
**Sixth: The Hell of Burning** *(Tapana)*
Also called the "Hell of Blazing Heat." The hell-wardens place the beings upon vast, immeasurably large, scorching iron griddles, rolling them left and right, burning them thin on both sides—like grilling fish. A great iron spit is thrust through from below and emerges through the top of the head. In this manner, flames burst forth from all the sense organs, pores, and the mouth of the beings, who burn by their own conflagration—hence this name. There are three forms of suffering here: (1) being rolled left and right on the griddle until thin, (2) being pierced and roasted on the iron spit, and (3) being struck and beaten with an iron club. Also called the "Hell of Scorching Heat" *(焦熱)*.
**Seventh: The Hell of Extreme Burning** *(Pratāpana)*
Also called the "Hell of Extreme Heat." A great three-pronged iron spit is thrust from below, piercing through both shoulders and the top of the head. By this, fierce flames pour out from the eye-organs and other sense faculties, the mouth, and all the pores. Suffering in this manner...